Sunday, 19 June 2016

Indian Polity:Various Commissions and Councils

Various Commissions and Councils

Finance Commission
The Finance Commission of India came into existence in 1951. It was established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution by the President of India. It was formed to define the financial relations between the centre and the state.
Functions of the Finance Commission
1. Distribution of net proceeds of taxes between Centre and the States, to be divided as per their respective contributions to the taxes.
2. Determine factors governing Grants-in Aid to the states and the magnitude of the same.
3. Work with the State Finance Commissions and suggest measures to augment the Consolidated Fund of the States so as to provide additional resources to Panchayat and Municipalities in the state.


National Development Council
It is the apex body for decision making and deliberations on development matters in India, presided over by the Prime Minister. It is an also an extra constitutional and non statutory body. The Council, which was reconstituted on October, is the highest decision-making authority in the country on development matters.
The Council comprises the Prime Minister, the Union Cabinet Ministers, and Chief Ministers of all States or their substitutes, representatives of the Union Territories and the members of the Planning Commissions.

The functions of the Council are:
1. To prescribe guidelines for the formulation of the National Plan, including the assessment of resources for the Plan
2. To consider the National Plan as formulated by the Planning Commission;
3. To consider important questions of social and economic policy affecting national development; and
4. To review the working of the Plan from time to time and to recommend such measures as are necessary for achieving the aims and targets set out in the National Plan.
Public Service Commission
The Union Public Service Commission has been established under Article 315 of the Constitution of India.
The Commission consists of a Chairman and ten Members.
The terms and conditions of service of Chairman and Members of the Commission are governed by the Union Public Service Commission (Members) Regulations, 1969.
Duties and Roles
1. Recruitment to services & posts under the Union through conduct of competitive
examinations;
2. Recruitment to services & posts under the Central Government by Selection through Interviews;
3. Advising on the suitability of officers for appointment on promotion as well as transfer-on deputation;
4. Advising the Government on all matters relating to methods of Recruitment to various services and posts;
5. Disciplinary cases relating to different civil services; and
6. Miscellaneous matters relating to grant of extra ordinary pensions, reimbursement of legal expenses etc

Election Commission
Election Commission of India is a permanent Constitutional body. Originally the commission had only a Chief Election Commissioner. It currently consists of Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners; it had only the Chief Election Commissioner before 1989. The concept of multi-member Commission has been in operation since 1993, with decision making power by majority vote.
Powers of Election Commission
1. Article 324(1) confers the power of superintendence direction, control and conduct of all election includes the preparation of electoral rolls to the Houses of Parliament and State Lower Assemblies and to the offices of President and Vice-President.
2. The Supreme Court in Kartiya Lal Omar Vs R.K. Trivdei (1985) case upheld the power of Election Commission to formulate the above orders. The Court stated that the power of superintendence direction, control and conduct of elections shall be interpreted in the light of holding fair and free elections in the country. Therefore these terms shall be given widest possible meaning.
3. The Election Commission is also given the responsibility of holding fair and free election in the country. Armed with its power under article 324(2) the Election Commission has taken measures in the form of Executive orders namely:
(i) Conduct of Election Rules 1961.
(ii) Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment.

The Supreme Court also held that the power conferred on Election Commission under article 324(1) is plenary in nature (uncontrolled by the Executive). It operates in areas left unoccupied by legislature. The powers of the Election Commission under article 324(1) is also a reservoir of powers which is limited only by following two conditions:
1. If the Parliament or the State legislature has made a valid law relating to or in connection with elections the Election Commission shall act in conformity with such law, but where such a law is silent or makes insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections then Article 324  confers reservation of powers on Election Commission to ensure free and fare elections. The Election Commission can take any decision to fill up the void in the election laws made by Parliament or the State Legislature.
2. The Election Commission shall confirm to the role of law, shall act bona fide and
amenable to the principles of Natural Justice.

The Supreme Court has also clarified that the Election Commission cannot defy the law made by Parliament; armed with the powers under article 324 nor the Election Commission can act arbitrarily. Its decision is subject to Judicial Review. Further, its powers are to be used in supplement to but not to supplant (suppress) a valid law made by the legislature.
The responsibility of holding elections and deciding on the election schedule is given to the sole authority of the Election Commission.
Chief Election Commissioner
The President of India appoints the Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners.
Service conditions of Chief Election Commissioner:
1. Chief Election Commission shall be appointed for a term of 6 years or till he attain an age of 65 years or which of the two is earlier.
2. He is ineligible for reappointment after his retirement.
3. He is ineligible to hold any office of profit under the State after his retirement.
4. His salary, allowances and pensions are charged under Consolidated Fund of India (CFI).
5. His salaries, allowances and pensions cannot be reduced except during a financial emergency.
Election Commissioners
The Election Commissioners are appointed by the President and the President need not have to consult Chief Election Commissioner in this regard. However the Election Commissioners shall not be removed except on the recommendation of Chief Election Commissioner.
Further, the Election Commission (condition of service of the Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act 1991 has laid down the following service conditions:-
1. An Election Commissioner is appointed for a term of 6 years or till he attains the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
2. An Election Commissioner is eligible to be appointed as Chief Election  Commissioner provided cumulatively his term as CEC and Election Commissioner shall not exceed 6 years.
3. He is not eligible to hold any office of profit after his retirement.

The role of the CEC in the removal of an Election Commissioner
Article 324(5) states that an Election Commissioner shall not be removed except on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner.
The legal question is whether the Chief Election Commissioner enjoys suo moto powers under article 324(5) to initiate the process of removal of an Election Commissioner or he shall act only on a reference made by the executive.
The Supreme Court has not explicitly pronounced the legal position on this issue. However in S.S. Dhanoa Vs Union of India 1991 case the Supreme Court said that the Chief Election Commissioner had to be provided by a higher degree of protection under the Constitution because he alone was intended by the founding fathers to be permanent incumbent of Election Commission.
The same level of non removability could be extended on Election Commissioners because the Constitution gives discretion to Executive to decide on the composition and strength of Election Commissioner depending upon the workload of Election Commission.
Having insulated the Chief Election Commissioner from external, political or executive pressure the Constitution makers have placed confidence in independent functioning of the Chief Election Commissioner to protect the independence of the Election Commissioners by providing that they shall be removed only on the recommendation of Chief Election Commissioner.
In TN Seshan Vs Union of India 1995 case the Supreme Court proudly upheld the above view and stated that the Election Commissioners are placed under the protective umbrella of an independent Chief Election Commissioner.
Under article 324(5) the recommendation made by the Chief Election Commissioner shall have to be based on intelligible and cogent considerations because article 324(5) is designed to protect the independence of the Election Commissioners and more importantly to protect the Election Commissioners as a body from political or executive arbitrations.
The Court specifically held if the power of the Chief Election Commissioner in this regard were to be exercised by him as per his whims and fancies, the Chief Election Commissioner himself would become an instrument of oppression and would destroy the independence of the Election Commissioners.
The Election Commission has been made a multimember commission consisting of coequals with equal voting powers and status. If the suo moto powers are conferred on Chief Election Commissioner it will act against the principle of coequals and the Election Commissioners will be forced to the line of Chief Election Commissioner.
Moreover, when Mr. B.B. Tandon was the Chief Election Commissioner the Election Commission has recommended to the Centre that the removal of Election Commissioners shall be made similar to that of Chief Election Commissioner. Which indicates the Election Commission as a body was not in favor of the Chief Election Commissioner enjoying suo-motu power on removal of an Election Commissioner.
Zonal Council
The purpose of Zonal council is to group four or five states into zones having an Advisory Council "to develop the habit of cooperative working” among these States. This suggestion was made by Pandit Nehru at a time when linguistic hostilities and bitterness as a result of reorganization of the States on linguistic pattern were threatening the very fabric of our nation.
The purpose was to create healthy inter State and Centre-State environment with a view to solve inter- State problems and foster balanced socio economic development of the respective zones.
Composition of Zonal Councils
Five Zonal Councils were set up vide Part-III of the States Re-organisation Act, 1956. The present composition of each of these Zonal Councils is as under:
· The Northern Zonal Council, comprising the States of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, National Capital Territory of Delhi and Union Territory of Chandigarh (J&K,P,H,H,RAJ,D,C)
The Central Zonal Council, comprising the States of Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh(UUMC)
The Eastern Zonal Council, comprising the States of Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal (BJOW)
The Western Zonal Council, comprising the States of Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra and the Union Territories of Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli(GMGD&N)
The Southern Zonal Council, comprising the States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Puducherry.(KKTAP)
The North Eastern Council Act, 1972 constitute the North Eastern Council comprising of seven North Eastern state along with Sikkim.(7+1)

Interstate Council
Interstate council was formed on the recommendations of Sarkaria Commission, on 28th May 1990 under Article 263 of the Constitution for co-ordination of Inter-State matters.
Composition of the Council
1. Prime Minister (Chairman)
2. Chief Ministers of all States
3. Chief Ministers of Union Territories having a Legislative Assembly and Administrators of UTs not having a Legislative Assembly and Governors of States under President’s Rule (Governor’s Rule in the case of J&K)
4. Six Ministers of Cabinet rank in the Union Council of Ministers to be nominated by the Prime Minister
5. Four Ministers of Cabinet rank as Permanent invitees
Functions of the Council
1. Investigating and discussing such subjects, in which some or all of the States or the Union and one or more of the States have a common interest, as may be brought up before it;
2. Making recommendations upon any such subject and in particular recommendations for the better coordination of policy and action with respect to that subject; and
3. Deliberating upon such other matters of general interest to the States as may be referred by the Chairman to the Council

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FREE CONTENT FOR HINDI MEDIUM, history of constitution of india in hindi,FREE history of constitution of india in hindi, constitution of  india in hindi,preamble of constitution of india in hindi ,articles of constitution of india in hindi,complete indian constitution in hindi,schedules of indian constitution,fundamental duties,directive principles of state policy,critical analysis of directive principles of state policy
Vice President of India AND Attorney General of India ,electoral college, single  ,transferable vote, House of Parliament, Council of States, simple majority
Appointment of Attorney General of India ,Duties of Attorney General of India, Various Commissions and Councils , Finance Commission of India, Distribution of net proceeds of taxes ,Planning Commission, National Development Council, Public Service Commission , Union Public Service Commission, Election Commission, Kartiya Lal Omar Vs R.K. Trivdei (1985) , Election Symbols, Natural Justice, Service conditions of Chief Election Commissioner, The role of the CEC in the removal of an Election Commissioner, Zonal Council, Interstate Council , Sarkaria Commission, Composition of the Council



Indian Polity : Vice President of India AND Attorney General of India

Vice President of India AND Attorney General of India

Vice President of India
The Vice-President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting in such election is by secret ballot. The Electoral College to elect a person to the office of the Vice-President consists of all members of both Houses of Parliament.
The Vice-President should not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of a Legislature of any state. If a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of a Legislature of any state is elected as Vice-President, he is deemed to have vacated his seat in that House on the date he/she enters his office as Vice-President.
A person cannot be elected as Vice-President unless she/he -
1.    is a citizen of India
2.    has completed the age of 35 years
3.    is qualified for election as a member of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha).
4.    he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or a State Government or any subordinate local authority
Removal of Vice President
The Constitution states that the Vice President can be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by an absolute majority (more than 50% of total membership) and agreed to by a simple majority (50% of voting members) of the Lok Sabha (Article 67(a)).
Attorney General of India
The Attorney General of India is the first law officer of the government of India.
Appointment of Attorney General of India {Article 76(1)}
The Article 76(1) states that the Attorney General of India is appointed by the President. In order to be appointed as the Attorney General a person must be qualified to be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court.
Duties of Attorney General of India
(1) To give advice to the Government of India on legal matters.
(2) To perform other legal duties that are referred or assigned to him by the President.
(3) To discharge functions conferred on him by the Constitution or any other law.
In the performance of his duties the Attorney General of India shall have the right of audience in all the courts in India.
He is also entitled to take part in the proceedings of the Parliament and the Parliamentary Committees without the right to vote.
He represents the Union and the States before the courts but is also allowed to take up private practice provided the other party is not the State. Because of this Attorney General of India is not paid salary but a retainer to be determined by the President. He gets retainer equivalent to the salary of a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Appointment of Attorney General of India is a political appointment and therefore, whenever there is a change in the party in power the Attorney General of India resigns from his post to enable the new Government to appoint a nominee of its choice.
The Attorney General is assisted by two Solicitors-General and 4 Additional Solicitors-General.

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FREE CONTENT FOR HINDI MEDIUM, history of constitution of india in hindi,FREE history of constitution of india in hindi, constitution of india in hindi,preamble of constitution of india in hindi ,articles of constitution of india in hindi,complete indian constitution in hindi,schedules of indian constitution,fundamental duties,directive principles of state policy,critical analysis of directive principles of state policy
Vice President of India AND Attorney General of India ,electoral college, single  ,transferable vote, House of Parliament, Council of States, simple majority

Appointment of Attorney General of India ,Duties of Attorney General of Ind

India's foreign policy in hindi

varjkZ"Vªh; laca/k
Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr
fons'k uhfr ls vk'k; % jk"Vª fgrksa dks iwjk djus okyh uhfr ls gSA izR;sd jk"Vª vius vkarfjd vkSj cká dkjdksa ds vk/kkj ij viuh fons'k uhfr dks O;ogkfjd :i nsrk gSA
fdlh Hkh ns'k dh fons'k uhfr vius Hkwrdky ds vuqHko orZeku dh ifjfLFkfr rFkk Hkfo"; ds izfr utfj;s dk ifj.kke gSA
izR;sd jkT; viuh fons'k uhfr ds ek/;e ls vius fgrksa dks iwjk djuk pkgrk gSA
fdlh Hkh ns'k dh fons'k uhfr ij vkarfjd o cká dkjdksa dk izHkko iM+rk gSA
vkarfjd dkjdksa esa mldh Hkwxksy] vFkZO;oLFkk] lSfud] jktuSfrd rFkk lkekftd vkfn dk izHkkoA
varjkZ"Vªh; dkjdksa esa oSf'od ifjn`'; rFkk ,f'k;k esa Hkkjr dh fLFkfr dks 'kkfey dj ldrs gSaA
Approach of World : Unipolar world change in to multi Polar world
2001 dh ?kVuk ds ckn vesfjdk vkardokn ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ ds fy, mrjk ftl dkj.k mldh vFkZO;oLFkk dks dkQh {kfr igqaph vkSj og /khjs&/khjs detksj gksrk tk jgk gS rks fo'o esa tgka fo'o esa vesfjdk dk ,dkf/kdkj pyrk Fkk mldks vc phu o ,f'k;k ds }kjk rksM+k tk jgk gS ftl dkj.k vesfjdk ds fy, Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk c<+ x;h gSA
lHkh varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dks csgrj yksdrkaf=d cukukA tSls&UNO ds vax lqj{kk ifj"kn esa Hkkjr dk LFkk;h lnL;rk dk nkok mEehn gS ;g tYn gh fey tk,xk fo'o cSad vkSj vkbZ- ,e- ,Q- ds ncncs dks rksM+us ds fy, Hkkjr o phu feydj ,f'k;k fodkl cSad rFkk ,f'k;k vk/kkjHkwr fodkl cSad vHkh gky gh esa Hkkjr SAARC cSad cukus dh ckr dj jgk gSA ;fn ;s cSad cu tkrs gSa rks vkfFkZd ekeyksa esa larqyu fodkl'khy cSadksa ds i{k esa LFkkfir gks tk,xkA
,f'k;k esa Hkkjr dk LFkku % ,f'k;k esa Hkkjr vkSj phu mHkjrh gqbZ egk'kfDr;ka gSa vkSj ijLij ;s nksuksa vkil esa la?k"kZ djrs gSaA phu us orZeku esa vius fons'k uhfr ds vanj dqN izeq[k uhfr;ksa dks izkjaHk fd;k gS tSls& ou jksM ou csYV] LVªhax vkWQ iyZ vkfnA bl izn'kZu esa Hkkjr dks Hkh viuh fons'k uhfr ds vanj ,f'k;k esa vius izHkko dks tekus ds fy, vusdksa uhfr;ksa dks izkjaHk djuk iM+k tSls& bafM;u vksf'k;u vkmV jhp] ekSle ifj;kstuk] iz'kkarh; f}ih; lg;ksx] iM+kslh igys dh uhfr vkfnA
Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr ds ewy fl)kar
(1) NAM ¼xqVfujsi{k vkanksyu½
(2) iap'khy
(3) 'kkafriw.kZ lvfLrRo
(4) xqtjky fl)kar
(5) iwohZ dh vksj ns[kks uhfr (Look East policy)
(6) Look West policy
(7) ÅtkZ dwVuhfr
(8) vkfFkZd dwVuhfr
(9) Hkkjr dh ijek.kq uhfr
eksnh ;qx dh fons'k uhfr
• Act East policy
• Meighbourhood first policy
• Indian Ocean outreach
• Project Mausm
• Fourm for India pacific islands corperation
• Fast track Diplomacy
• Para deplomacy
(i) xqVfujis{k vkanksyu NAM (Non. Alliment Movement)
if'peh ns'kksa us ;g uhfr viuh detksjh esa Lohdkj dh gSA ysfdu Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa us ;g dgk fd ;g gekjh detksjh dk ifj.kke ugha cfYd rVLFk jgus dh uhfr gS tks varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr esa Lora= :i ls viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS u fd fdlh xqV dk lnL; cudjA
xqVfujis{krk dk dkj.k
(1) fodkl dh vko';drk
(2) lEizHkqrk dh j{kk
izklafxdrk ,oa vizklafxdrk
vizklafxdrk % fopkj/kkjkvksa dk var gks x;k gS blfy, NAM dks Hkh [kRe gks tkuk pkfg,A
fo'o f}/kqzoh; ugha jgk gS blfy, bldks Hkh [kRe gks tkuk pkfg,A

o'o f}/kqzoh; ugha jgk gS blfy, bldks Hkh [kRe gks tkuk pkfg,A
izklafxdrk % orZeku esa Hkh yxHkx 120 ns'k blds lnL; gSa ;fn ;s lHkh la;qDr :i ls dk;Z djs rks fo'o ds le{k mifLFkr leL;kvksa dks tSls&Xykscy okfeZax] vkradokn vkfn ls futkr fnyk ldrs gSa lkFk gh 'kfDr larqyu dks fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds i{kksa esa yk ldrs gSaA
NAM 2.0 :-
Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr] j.kuhfr ewy fl)kar n'kd gsrq&j.kuhfrd Lok;rrk $ ewY; O;oLFkk dks lajf{kr djrs gq, Hkkjr dks oSf'od eap ij usr`RodrkZ cukukA
vkfFkZd fodkl ij oSf'od eap ds lkFk
fl)kar&vkn'kZokn $ 'kfDr dk iz;ksx
mís';&ekStwnk ekgksy esa Hkkjr gsrq volj ryk'k] pqukSrh o [krjksa dks igpku j.kuhfrd Lok;rrk
mu lHkh dk Rofjr fØ;kUo;u tks le; $ ekax dh t:jr gSA fodkl ­
;g volj vf/kd fnu gsrq ugha gS ¼Rofjr gS blfy,½
fu"d"kZ
lQy fons'kuhfr gsrq& ?kjsyw vkfFkZd fodkl] lkekftd lekos'ku] yksdra= lrrrk
iap'khy
,d nwljs dh izknsf'kd v[k.Mrk vkSj izHkqlrk dk lEeku djukA
,d nwljs ds fo:) vkØe.k dk;Zokgh ugha djukA
,d nwljs ds vkarfjd fo"k;ksa esa gLr{ksi u djukA
lekurk vkSj ijLij ykHk dh uhfr dk ikyu djuk rFkk
'kkafriw.kZ lg vfLrRo dh uhfr esa fo'okl j[kukA

DIPLOMACY
okrkZ dh dyk
fdlh fopkj ds lEizs"k.k@fdlh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr esa ikjLifjd lgefr ds vk/kkj ij fu.kZ;
laoknghurk ij fo'ks"k cy gksrk gSA
,slk uk gks tks Hkfo"; esa vojks/kd cusA
dwVuhfr ds izdkj
Track 1 - ljdkjh dwVuhfr] blesa ljdkjh vf/kdkjh Hkkx ysrs gSaA
Track 2 - ukxfjd Hkkx ysrs gSaA
Track 3 - O;kikjh Hkkx ysrs gSaA
Track 4 - lkekftd lkaLd`frd laca/k
Track 5 - ehfM;k
uksV%& Track 2, 3, 4, 5 dks la;qDr :i ls ukxfjd dwVuhfr gh dgk tkrk gSA
Other Diplomacy
Gun Boat Diplomacy : jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds ek/;e ls vius y{; izkfIr
Para Diplomacy : nks jk"Vªksa ds e/; xSj jkT; vfHkdj.k (NGO, MNC etc)
Seattle Diplomacy: nks jk"Vªksa ds e/; rhljh 'kfDr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk,A
Preventive Diplomacy: nks jk"Vªksa ds e/; la?k"kZ lekIr djus gsrqA
GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY
NGO'S : ekuo laj{k.k dk;ZdrkZ] ehfM;k ds yksx] Nk=] fQYeh dykdkj] i;kZoj.k j{kk esa dk;ZdrkZ] Hk"Vkpkj vkanksyu ls tqM+s yksxA
lkxjekyk ifj;kstuk % Hkkjr ljdkj us bl ifj;kstuk ds rgr Jhyadk ekSjh'kl ekynho rFkk lS'ksYl ds lkFk csgrj laca/kksa dks fodflr fd;k gSA
dsUnzh; dSfcusV us 25 ekpZ] 2015 dks rVh; jkT;ksa esa canjxkg ds usr`Ro okys fodkl dks yf{kr ^lkxjekyk ifj;kstuk* dh vo/kkj.kk o laLFkkxr ÝseodZ dks lS)kafrd eatwjh ns nhA bl ifj;kstuk ds izFke pj.k gsrq 2015-16 ds fy, vko';d vuqekfur jkf'k gS 692 djksM+ :i;sA bl ifj;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; canjxkg ds usr`Ro okys izR;{k o vizR;{k fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk rFkk canjxkg rd lkekuksa dh Rofjr] de ykxr esa rFkk dq'kyrkiwoZd igqap lqfuf'pr djkus ds fy, vk/kkfjd lajpuk miyC/k djkuk gSA bl izdkj ;g ifj;kstuk baVjekWMy lksY;w'ku ds }kjk u, fodkl {ks=ksa rd igqap fodkl dk y{; ysdj pyrh gSA
;g ifj;kstuk fodkl ds rhu LraHkksa ij dsafnzr pqukSfr;ksa dks lacksf/kr djsxhA ;s rhu LraHk gSa%
1. mfpr uhfr o laLFkkxr gLr{ksi ds }kjk canjxkg ds usr`Ro okys fodkl dk leFkZu o izksRlkgu]
2. canjxkg vk/kkfjr lajpuk lao)Zu ftuesa canjxkgksa dh LFkkiuk Hkh 'kkfey gSA
3. vkarfjd bykdksa ls yksxksa dks dq'kyrkiwoZd [kkyh djuk ;k ogka igqapkukA
,DV bZLV ikWfylh
^,DV bZLV ikWfylh* orZeku ljdkj ¼ubZ ljdkj½ dh ,d ubZ igy gSA bldk laca/k Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr ls gSA ,DV bZLV ikWfylh oLrqr% yqd bZLV ikWfylh dh rkfdZd ifj.kfr gSA
mís';
nf{k.k iwoZ vkSj iwohZ ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa dks vkfFkZd {ks= lfgr vU; lHkh {ks=ksa esa vge Hkkxhnkj cukukA
VsDlVkby] QkekZL;qfVdy vkSj d`f"k {ks=ksa esa iwoZ ds ns'kksa ds lkFk lg;ksx ij fo'ks"k cy nsukA
nf{k.k phu lkxj esa Hkkjr dh mifLFkfr etcwr djukA
nf{k.k phu lkxj laa/kh fooknksa esa Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk dks lfØ; cukuk
mPp Lrjh; ;k=kvksa rFkk O;kikj ds ek/;e ls iwoZ ds ns'kksa ds lkFk laca/kksa dks vkSj T;knk etcwr djukA
,DV bZLV ikWfylh dh vko';drk
iwoZ ds ns'kksa [kkldj vkf'k;ku cktkj esa Hkkjr ds fy, vR;f/kd O;kikfjd laHkkouk,a ekStwn gSaA vkfl;ku lsok {ks= dk c<+k vk;rd gSA ykxr ewY; vkSj n{krk ds {ks= esa Hkkjr vis{kr;k ykHk dh fLFkfr esa gSA Hkkjr dh ;wjksih; ,oa vesfjdk okf.kT; ij fuHkZjrk de gksxh vkSj Hkkjrh; O;kikj dk foLrkj gksxkA blls bl {ks= esa phu ds izHkko dks izfrlarqfyr djus esa Hkkjr dks enn feysxhA
,DV bZLV ikWfylh ds varxZr iwoZ ds ns'kksa ds lkFk vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkefjd laca/kksa dks vkSj izxk<+ cukuk gSA
Hkkjr ^iwoZ dh vksj ns[kk* uhfr ds rhu lw=h dk;ZØe gSaA ;s bl izdkj gSa&
(1) vkfl;ku ds lnL;ksa ls jktuhfd laca/kksa dk uohuhdj.k djukA
(2) Hkkjr vkSj phu ds chp gksus okys la?k"kZ dk dsUnz ;k rks fgUn egklkxj gksxk ;k nf{k.kh phu lkxjA
(3) nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k rFkk iwoZ ,f'k;k ds {ks=ksa ls O;kikfjd ,oa lkefjd nksuksa gh eqíksa ij izxk<+ laaca/k cukdj phuh izHkko dks izfrlarqfyr fd;k tk,A
iM+kslh igys dh uhfr & fodkl ds fy, 'kkafr dh LFkkiuk t:jh gS vkSj bl LFkkiuk ds fy, vkarfjd lqj{kk etcwr gksuh pkfg,A blfy, vkarfjd lqj{kk dks etcwr djus ds fy, iM+ksfl;ksa ds lkFk csgrj laca/k gksuk csgn vko';d gSaA blh ckr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, Hkkjr ljdkj us iM+ksfl;ksa ds lkFk csgrj laca/k cukus ds fy, bl uhfr dks izkjaHk fd;k gSA
blds rgr Hkkjr esa n{ksl ns'kksa ds lkFk csgrj laca/k cuk;s gSaA bl uhfr dks lQy cukus ds fy, rhu dk;ksaZ ij eq[; cy fn;k x;k gSA izFke feuh lkdZ lfEeV] bl dk;ZØe esa lkdZ esEcj ds lkFk izfro"kZ Hkkjr ljdkj f}i{kh; okrkZyki djsxhA f}rh; lkdZ lSVsykbV] bl dk;ZØe esa Hkkjr ljdkj 2016 esa varfj{k esa lkdZ lSVsykbV yxk,xh rFkk ;g lSVsykbV ekSle rFkk lapkj gsrq dk;Z djsxkA r`rh; rduhdh ,oa vkfFkZd lg;ksx dk;ZØe] bl dk;ZØe ds rgr Hkkjr ljdkj us bu ns'kksa dks rduhd rFkk vkfFkZd lg;ksx djus dh igy fn[kkbZ gSA
bl uhfr dk ifj.kke ;g gks jgk gS fd Hkkjr ds iM+ksfl;ksa ds lkFk csgrj laca/k cu jgs gSaA tSls&ckaXykns'k] Jhyadk] E;kaekj vkfnA
ekSle ifj;kstuk] Hkkjr ljdkj us leqnzh ekxksaZ ij viuk fu;a=.k cukus ds fy, bl ifj;kstuk dks izkjaHk fd;k gSA izkphu dky esa ftu ns'kksa ds lkFk Hkkjr O;kikfjd laca/k cukrk FkkA muds lkFk mlh le; lkaLd`frd lg;ksx Hkh curk FkkA blh lg;ksx dks orZeku esa iqu% cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA 90 ds n'kd esa Hkkjr us bafM;u vksf'k;u fje ,lksfl,'ku dk xBu fd;k FkkA ftlds rgr vÝhdu ,f'k;u ,oa ;wjksih;u ns'kksa ds lkFk csgrj laca/k cukus dh 'kq:vkr dh FkhA 2011 esa bu ns'kksa ds lkFk Hkkjr esa Ng izeq[k {ks=ksa dks fpfUgr fd;k FkkA ftlesa izeq[k Fks leqnzh lqj{kk] j{kk] lkaLd`frd fofu;eu] eRL; lg;ksx vkfnA 2014 esa lkaLd`frd fofu;eu dks c<+kus ds fy, gh ekSle ifj;kstuk dk izkjaHk fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkjrh; iz'kkar }hih; lg;ksx& Hkkjr ljdkj us fQth vkfn ns'kksa ds lkFk csgrj laca/k cukus ds fy, bl lg;ksx dks c<+kok fn;k gSA ;s }hih; ns'k vkdkj esa NksVs gSa ysfdu budk vuU; vkfFkZd {ks= cgqr cM+k gSA rFkk eNyh mRiknu ds lkFk lkefjd fLFkfr esa Hkh budh etcwr fLFkfr gSA vesfjdk] phu] :l] tkiku tSls ns'k buls vius csgrj laca/k cuk jgs gSaA ,sls esa Hkkjr dk Hkh bu ns'kksa ds lkFk csgrj laca/k cukuk vko';d gSA Hkkjr ljdkj us bu ns'kksa ds lkFk bu ns'kksa ds lkFk ,d Qksje dk fuekZ.k fd;k gS vkSj bl Qksje esa vHkh rd nks ckj cSBd gks pqdh gSA 2014 esa Qhth esa rFkk vxLr 2015 esa t;iqj esa] 2016 esa ubZ fnYyh esa gksuk izLrkfor gSA
Hkkjr dh ijek.kq uhfr % vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr us fu%'kL=hdj.k dh uhfr dks Lohdkj fd;k ysfdu 1974 esa Hkkjr us viuk igyk kkjr dh ijek.kq uhfr % vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr us fu%'kL=hdj.k dh uhfr dks Lohdkj fd;k ysfdu 1974 esa Hkkjr us viuk igyk ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd;k bl ijh{k.k esa vesfjdk :l vkSj dukMk us Hkkjr dks lg;ksx fn;k ysfdu :l var rd gekjk lkFkh jgkA  1980 esa Hkkjr us vius felkby dk;ZØe dh 'kq:vkr dhA 1998 esa Hkkjr us iqu% ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd;k ftl dkj.k vesfjdk rFkk if'peh ns'kksa us Hkkjr ij vusdks izfrca/k yxk;sA Hkkjr bl ijh{k.k ds ckn ,d ijek.kq lEiUu jk"Vª cuk vkSj Hkkjr us viuh uhfr esa igys iz;ksx u djus dh uhfr Lohdkjh rFkk dgk fd Hkkjr us viuk ijek.kq dk;ZØe 'kkafriw.kZ mís';ksa ds fy, fd;k gS rFkk ;g U;wure ,oa fo'oluh; gSA 2006 esa vesfjdk us Hkkjr ds lkFk ijek.kq le>kSrk fd;k ftls Hkkjrh; laln us 2008 esa ikl fd;kA rHkh ,u-,l-th- ds }kjk Hkh Hkkjr ds lkFk ijek.kq le>kSrk fd;k x;kA fo'ks"k ckr ;g gS fd Hkkjr us vHkh rd ,u-ih-Vh- rFkk lh-Vh-ch-Vh- ij gLrk{kj ugha fd;kA
,u-ih-Vh- & ;g 1968 esa dh xbZ ,d laf/k gS tks ijek.kq ijh{k.k ij jksd yxkrh gSA bl laf/k esa dgk x;k Fkk fd 1 tuojh] 1968 ls iwoZ ijh{k.k okys jk"Vª gh ijek.kq 'kfDr lEiUu jk"Vª ekus tk,axsA tksfd ih&5 ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSaA Hkkjr us bl laf/k dh vkykspuk dh vkSj dgk fd ;g laf/k Hksnewyd laf/k gSA
lh-Vh-ch-Vh-& 1996 esa ;g laf/k dh xbZA bl laf/k esa dgk x;k Fkk fd 44 ns'kksa ds gLrk{kj ds ckn gh ;g laf/k izHkko esa vk,xh ysfdu vHkh rd 44 ns'kksa us gLrk{kj ugha fd;s gSaA blfy, ;g izHkko esa ugha vkbZ gSA bl laf/k esa dgk x;k Fkk fd dksbZ Hkh ns'k tehu] ty] vkdk'k esa ijek.kq ijh{k.k ugha dj ldrkA
Hkkjr vkSj mlds iM+kSlh
Hkkjr o ikfdLrku
Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds laca/kksa dk vk/kkj fojks/kkRed gSA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku vktknh ds ckn ls gh pkj yM+kbZ;ka yM+ pqds gSa bu pkjksa yM+kb;ksa esa ikfdLrku dh gkj gqbZ gS o Hkkjr dh thr gqbZ gSA nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp esa laca/kksa dks lq/kkjus ds vusdks iz;kl fd, x;s tSls&f’keyk le>kSrk] rk’kdUn le>kSrk ysfdu nksuks gh ns'kksa ds chp dHkh Hkh csgrj laaca/k ugha cu ik, vkSj dqN eqís vkt Hkh fooknkLin cus gq, gSaA tSls&fl;kphu Xysf’k;j] d’ehj] fla/kq unh] dPN dk j.k vkfnA
1999 dkjfxy ;q) ds ckn laln ij geyk gqvk o nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp nwfj;ka c<+ha ysfdu 2004 ds ckn nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp esa iqu% laca/kksa dh LFkkiuk dh ^fo'okl fuekZ.k mik;* dh 'kq:vkr dhA
2004 esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds e/; le>kSrs gq, bl le>kSrs esa nksuksa ns'kksa us lSU; rFkk vkfFkZd eqíksa ij vkilh lgefr ds lkFk dk;Z djus dh izfrc)rk trkbZ ysfdu 2008 esa iqu% eqEcbZ ij geyk gqvk ftlls nksuksa ns'kksa us ds laca/k iqu% [kjkc gq, rc ls fo'okl cgkyh ds vusdksa dne mBk, x, ysfdu dksbZ [kkl lQyrk ugha feyh gS ysfdu orZeku esa Hkkjr dk utfj;k ikfdLrku ds izfr csgn ljy gks x;k gSA tSls vHkh gky gh esa NSA Mk;yksx dk Qsy gksukA bl okrkZ ds foQy gksus ds dbZ dkj.k gSa eq[; dkj.k Fkk fd ikfdLrku ds }kjk vykxooknh usrkvksa dks okrkZ esa ‘kkfey djus vfM+;y joS;k vkSj lkFk gh Hkkjr dk ;g dguk fd og ckrphr dsoy vkardokn ij gksxhA
ikfdLrku us flracj es jk"VªªeaMy lalnh; la?k ds lEesyu dks LFkfxr djus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA tEew&d’ehj fo/kkulHkk v/;{k dks bl lEesyu esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, ikfdLrku }kjk fuea=.k ugha fn;k x;k Fkk ftldk Hkkjr }kjk dM+k fojks/k fd;k x;k FkkA blh vkyksd esa ikfdLrku us jk"VªªeaMy lalnh; la?k ds lEesyu dks LFkfxr dj fn;k x;kA
tuojh] 2016 esa d”ehj iBkudksV ij geyk gqvk ftleas ikfdLrku dh Hkwfedk jgh ysfdu ikfdLrku bl ckr dks ekuus dks rS;kj ughaA
phu&ikfdLrku dksfjMksj
20-21 vizSy 2015 dks phu ds jk"Vªªifr us ikfdLrku ;k=k ds nkSjku nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp lg;ksx c<+kus gsrq bl dksfjMksj ds fuekZ.k djus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA bl ifj;kstuk esa jsy] lM+d] rsy o xSl ikbiykbu ds tfj, phu ds if’peh {ks= dks ikfdLrku ds Xoknj canjxkg ¼cywfpLrku½ ls tksM+sxkA
phu dks ykHk
1. ;g xfy;kjk phu dks e/; iwoZ ,oa vÝhdk rd igqapus dk lcls NksVk jkLrk r; djk;sxkA
2. bl ;kstuk ls f>ft;kax dks Connectivity feysxh ftlls mldk Hkh fodkl gksxkA
3. blds lkFk gh phu dks vius eqfLye cgqy bykds okys f>fta;kx izkar esa mRiUu gks jgh vkradokn o ?kqliSB dh leL;k dks nckus dk u;k ekxZ fey tk,xkA
4. blls phu dks vkfFkZd ykHk T;knk gSA
5. ;g Hkh phu dh ,d j.kuhfr (Strings of Peanls) dk ,d fgLlk gSA
ikd dks ykHk
ikfdLrku&bZjku xSl ikbiykbu fcNkus dh ikd dh vksj ls 85% ykxr phu mBk,xkA
ikd lSU; lktks lkeku esa phu ij fuHkZj gS bl iwfrZ ds gksus ls og vius vf/kd LFkk;h if’peh lg;ksfx;ksa ls fuiVus esa lgk;rk feysxhA
Hkkjr dh fpark dk fo"k;
phu Hkfo”; esa Xoknj canjxkg dk mi;ksx ukSlSfud vìs ds :i esa dj ldrk gSA ;g Hkkjr ds ^vkW;y :V* ls dqN gh nwjh ij gS tgka Hkkjr vius rsy dh lcls cM+h vko';drk dh iwfrZ djrk gSA
;g phu dh Hkkjr dks ?ksjus dh j.kuhfr ¼eksfr;ksa dh ekyk½ dks iwjk djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
blls ikd vf/kd‘r d’ehj ¼tks phu dks 1962 esa lkSai fn;k½ esa vlSU; o vkradh o lSU; xfrfof/k;ka c<+ ldrh gSaA
Hkkjr&phu laca/k ij izHkko
;fn Hkkjr bl eqís dks mBkrk gS rks blls nksuksa jk"Vªªksa ds laca/k izHkkfor gksaxs D;ksafd nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp vkfFkZd Hkkxhnkjh cgqr cM+s Lrj ij gS ;fn Hkkjr bl ifj;kstuk ls ihNs gVrk gS ;k fojks/k djrk gS rks nksuksa jk"Vªªksa dks O;kid Lrj ij vkfFkZd gkfu gksus dk vans'kk gS ftlls bu laca/kksa esa dVqrk gks ldrh gSA
ikfdLrku :l xSl ikbiykbu le>kSrk
16 vDVwcj] 2015 dks ikfdLrku vkSj :l us ykgkSj ls djkaph rd xSl ikbiykbu cukus ds fy, ,d varjljdkjh le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd,A bl le>kSrs ds rgr :l igys pj.k ds fy, tks fd o"kZ 2017 rd iwjk gksxk] esa 2 fcfy;u MkWyj dk fuos'k djsxkA ;g xSl ikbiykbu 1100 fdeh- yack gksxk ftlds }kjk 12.4 fcfy;u D;wfcd ehVj xSl izfr o"kZ ykgkSj ls djkaph Hkstk tk ldsxkA ;g ifj;kstuk rhu pj.kksa esa iwjh gksxhA bl ifj;kstuk ij lgefr mQk esa 'ka?kkbZ lg;ksx laxBu ds lEesyu ds nkSjku cuh FkhA ikfdLrku :l ds lkFk fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa lg;ksx dks c<+kuk pkgrk gS ftlesa O;kikj] j{kk ÅtkZ] vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk] laLd`fr vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
ikfdLrku U;wfDy;j QkslsZt 2015
vesfjdh fFkad VSad cqysfVu vkWQ ,Vksfed lkbafVLV~l us ^ikfdLrku U;wfDy;j QkslsZt 2015 dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj
ikfdLrku ijek.kq gfFk;kj laiUu o fo'o dk ikapoka lcls cM+k ns'k cuus dh jkg ij gSA o"kZ 2025 rd ikfdLrku dk ijek.kq vk;q/kksa dh la[;k nksxquk o`f) ds lkFk 250 rd igqap ldrh gSA ikfdLrku esa dbZ vkiwfrZ iz.kkfy;ksa ds fodkljr gksus] pkj IywVksfu;e mRiknu fj,DVj vkSj lkFk gh dbZ ;wjsfu;e izfr"Bku gksus ds lkFk vxys 10 o"kksaZ esa ikfdLrku ds ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dh la[;k esa o`f) gksus dh laHkkouk gSA
ikfdLrku dh ijek.kq {kerk esa o`f) bl ckr ij fuHkZj djsxk fd og ijek.kq l{ke ykapj dks u"V djus esa fdruk l{ke gS vkSj Hkkjr ds ijek.kq 'kkL=kxkj esa fdruh o`f) gksrh gSA
ikd vkSj vesfjdk
vesfjdk us 8 vizSy] 2015 dks ikfdLrku dks yxHkx ,d vjc MkWyj ds yM+kdw gsyhdkWIVj] felkby vkSj nwljs j{kk midj.k cspus dks eatwjh nhA izLrkfor fcØh vesfjdk dh fons'kuhfr vkSj jk"Vªh; lqj{kk dk fgLlk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls vefjdk dh fons'k uhfr vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vkSj Hkh etcwr gksxhA
vQxkfuLrku
vQxkfuLrku dh fLFkfr % vQxkfuLrku dk lekt dchykbZ lekt gS rFkk ;g lekt vQhe dh [ksrh ij fuHkZj gS ;gka ds lekt esa vusdksa tutkfr;ksa dk fu;a=.k gS tks vkil esa la?k"kZjr gSA
1979 esa lksfo;r la?k (USSR) us vQxkfuLrku ij viuk dCtk fd;k USA vkSj ikfdLrku us lksfo;r la?k (USSR) dks [knsM+us ds fy, rkfycku dk lgkjk fy;kA 1989 esa lksfo;r la?k (USSR) ogka ls okil pyk x;k mlds i’pkr rkfycku us vQxkfuLrku ij dCtk dj fy;kA
1996 esa vydk;nk o rkfycku esa le>kSrk gqvkA ¼rkfycku&Nk=ksa dk laxBu] vydk;nk&lSU; vìk½ bl xBca/ku us vesfjdk ds fo:) dk;Z djuk izkjaHk dj fn;k ftldk ifj.kke Fkk 9,11,2001 WTC ij attackA
bl geys ds ckn vesfjdk us vQxkfuLrku ij /kkok cksy fn;k ,d yEch yM+kbZ pyh ftlesa rkfycku us ikfdLrku dh vksj tkuk izkjaHk dj fn;k bl ;q) dks lekIr djus ds fy, vesfjdk us ^ihl ,DV 2009* dh ?kks"k.kk dh ftlesa mlus vPNk (Good) RkFkk cqjk (Bad) rkfycku esa Hksn fd;k vkSj dgk fd tks Hkh rkfyckuh ljs.Mj djsxk mldks vesfjdk iqjLdkj nsxkA vQxkfuLrku ds lg;ksx c<+kus gsrq 2011 esa ^gkVZ vkWQ ,f'k;k* dh igy dh 'kq:vkr dh xbZA blesa Hkkjr ds lkFk vQxkfuLrku] ikfdLrku] :l] lÅnh vjc] rkftfdLrku] rqdhZ] rqdZesfuLrku vkSj la;qDr vjc vehjkr 'kkfey gSaA ikfdLrku vkSj vQxkfuLrku dh vksj ls la;qDr :i ls vk;ksftr bl lEesyu dk fo"k; Fkk gkVZ vkWQ ,f'k;k&bLrkEcqy izkslsl % lqj{kk pqukSfr;ksa dk eqdkcyk djus vkSj gkVZ vkWQ ,f'k;k {ks= esa laidZ dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, lg;ksx c<+kukA bl ikaposa gkVZ vkWQ ,f'k;k lEesyu dk mís'; lqj{kk pqukSfr;ksa esa lg;ksx c<+kuk rFkk {ks= esa laidZ dks izksRlkgu nsuk FkkA

HkwVku
1949 esa HkwVku o Hkkjr ds chp esa laf/k gqbZ bl laf/k esa HkwVku dh cká lEizHkqrk ij Hkkjr dk vf/kdkj gks x;k 2007 esa bl laf/k dks lekIr djrk gS vkSj dgrk gS HkwVku dks Hkkjr ls lhek dh lqj{kk dh vko';drk ugha gSA
2008 esa HkwVku esa yksdrkaf=d iz.kkyh dh 'kq:vkr gqbZ ftlesa Hkkjr us HkwVku o HkwVkfu;ksa dks viuk leFkZu fn;kA
Hkkjr us HkwVku esa vusdksa ifj;kstuk,a pyk jgk gSA tSls fctyh mRiknu ds fy, pw[kk o ukyk ifj;kstuk bu ifj;kstukvksa ls Hkkjr dks Hkh ykHk gS D;ksafd HkwVku dh ÅtkZ [kir cgqr de gS bu lHkh ifj;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls Hkkjr iM+ksfl;ksa dks ;g fn[kkuk pkgrk gS fd ^^Hkkjr [krjk ugha cfYd volj gSA**
vHkh gky gh esa rhu fctyh ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us le>kSrs fd,A 15-16 twu 2014 eksnh us HkwVku dh ;k=k dh rFkk fuEu pkj eqíksa ij le>kSrs fd,A
(1) f’k{kk
(2) lqj{kk
(3) lkekftd lg;ksx
(4) vkfFkZd lg;ksx
uoacj 2014 esa ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky; ds fodkl ds fy, nksuksa ds chp le>kSrs gq, 2015 esa xqtjkr lfEeV esa HkwVku ujs’k dks vkeaf=r fd;k x;k ftlesa HkwVku ujs’k us dgk dh ge Hkkjr ls vkxzg djrs gSa fd^tks fodkl dh /kkjk Hkkjr esa cg jgh gS mls HkwVku esa Hkh cgk;sA**
HkwVku&phu
phu esa HkwVku dh lhek 470 fdeh- gS ogha Hkkjr ls 680 fdeh- gS bu nksuksa ds chp esa ^pwEch ?kkVh* (Velly) fookn gS bl osyh rd 2017 rd phu jsy dk fuekZ.k dj ysxk ftl dkj.k nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp
laca/k csgn dVq gks x, gSa rFkk HkwVku us phu dks psrkouh nsdj dg fn;k x;k gS fd ^tc rd phu bl fookn dk lek/kku ugha djsxk rc rd phu HkwVku esa nwrkokl ugha cuk ldrk*

phu
phu esa 1949 esa lkE;oknh Økafr gqbZ ftlesa phu dk rRdkfyd ‘kkld ogka ls rkboku pyk x;k rc phu dks Hkkjr us ,d jk"Vªª ds :i esa ekU;rk nhA nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp esa fookn ds fuEu eqís gSa&
(1) fl;kphu
(2) vDlkbZphu
(3) v:.kkpy izns'k
(4) czãiq= unh fookn
(5) eksfr;ksa dh ekyk
(6) nf{k.k phu lkxj
Hkkjr o phu ds laca/k vktknh ds ckn ls csgrj Fks D;ksafd phu ds ekU;rk nsus okys izFke jk"Vªªksa esa Hkkjr Hkh ,d Fkk 1950 esa phu us frCcr ij dCtk fd;k vkSj bl dCts dks Hkkjr us 1954 esa iap’khy le>kSrs ds rgr Lohdkj dj fy;kA
¼ukjk fn;k x;k&fgUnh phuh HkkbZ&HkkbZ½
laca/kksa esa dVqrk dh 'kq:vkr rc gqbZ tc phu us Hkkjr dh lhek ls lVs frCcr esa fodkl dks rhoz fd;k ftlesa phu us jsy] gokbZ iêh vkfn dk fuekZ.k izkjaHk fd;kA Hkkjr us phu dh bu xfrfof/k;ksa dk fojks/k fd;k vkSj mlh le; 1959 esa nykbZ ykek Hkkjr vk, o Hkkjr us mudks ‘kj.k ns nhA bu lHkh ?kVukvksa us Hkkjr phu ds laca/kksa dks ;q) dh vksj /kdsy fn;kA
20 vDVwcj 1962 dks phu us Hkkjr ij geyk dj fn;kA bl ;q) esa Hkkjr dh f’kdLr gqbZ rFkk vDlkbZphu ij dCtk dj fy;k rFkk v:.kkpy izns'k ij Hkh dCtk fd;k ysfdu tc mlus ,drjQk ;q) fojke fd;k rks mlus v:.kkpy ls viuh lsuk,a gVk yha o vDlkbZ phu ij dCtk cuk, j[kkA bl ;q) us Hkkjr o phu ds chp nwfj;ksa dks c<+k fn;kA
nksuksa ds chp laca/kksa dh 'kq:vkr 1988 ls gqbZ rFkk la;qDr dk;Z ny xfBr fd;k x;kA 1993 esa LAC (Line of Actual Central) ij 'kkafr cuk, j[kus dk le>kSrk gqvk rFkk 1996 ls ns'kksa ds chp CBM (Confidence building Major) dks fodflr fd;k x;kA
bu lHkh ?kVukvksa ds ckn ls Hkkjr ,oa phu ds chp laca/kksa esa csgn mxzrk rks ugha ns[kh tk ldrh ysfdu nksuksa ds chp izfrLi/kkZvksa ds dkj.k ruko ges'kk cuk jgrk gSA
eksfr;ksa dh ekyk
phu us Hkkjr dks ?ksjus ds fy, eksfr;ksa dh ekyk dh ;kstuk cukbZ ftlesa mlus Hkkjr ds iM+kslh ns'kksa ds lkFk csgrj laca/kksa dk fodkl fd;kA tSls&ikfdLrku ds lkFk laca/k cukdj ^Xoknj canjxkg*] ^E;kaekj ds lkFk dksdks*] caxky ds lkFk fpVxko* gEeuVksVk ¼Jhyadk½ vf/kdkj fd;kA
Hkkjr us bu lHkh ns'kksa ds lkFk csgrj laca/kksa dks cukdj bldh bl ;kstuk dks Qsy fd;k tSls&Jhyadk us gky gh esa gEeuVksVk canjxkg ij Hkjr dks Hkh vf/kdkj ns fn;k gSA
czãiq= cka/k
phu us czãiq= unh ij cka/k cukdj Hkkjr dks de ikuh ns jgk gS Hkkjr us phu ij ncko c<+k;k gS rFkk ckaXykns'k dks lkFk ysdj f=i{kh; le>kSrs dks fd;k gSA czãiq= unh ij cuh lcls cM+h iu fctyh ifj;kstuk te ;k tkaxew gkbMªksikWoj LVs’ku dh lHkh N% bdkb;ksa dk lekos’k ikWoj fxzM esa dj fn;k x;kA ‘kUuku fizQsDpj ds X;klk dkmaVh esa fLFkr te gkbMªks ikWoj LVs’ku dks tkaxew gkbMªksikWoj LVs’ku ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA czãiq= unh dks frCcr esa ;kjyqax tkaxcks unh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl cka/k dks fo'o esa lcls ÅapkbZ ij cus iufctyh dsanz ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;g vius izdkj dh lcls cM+h ifj;kstuk gS tks ,d lky esa 2.5 vjc fdyksokV ?kaVs fctyh mRiknu djsxhA igyh bdkbZ us uoacj 2014 esa viuk lapkyu 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA
^ju&vkWQ&n&fjoj* ifj;kstuk,a gSa ftudk fMtkbu ikuh ds HkaMkj ds fy, ugha fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkjr dh fpark dk fo"k;
¼1½ la?k"kZ ds le; phu czãiq= unh dk ikuh NksM+ ldrk gS ftlls ck<+ vkus dk xaHkhj [krjk gksxkA
¼2½ ;s rhuksa cka/k&ft,’kw] tkaxew vkSj ft;kpk ,d nwljs ls 25 fdeh- ds nk;js esa vkSj Hkkjrh; lhek ls 550 fdeh- dh nwjh ij gSaA
¼3½ ;fn ikuh ckf/kr fd;k x;k rks czãiq= unh dh ifj;kstuk,a fo’ks”k rkSj ij v:.kkpy izns'k dh ^vij fl;kax* vkSj ^yksvj lgkalh* ifj;kstuk,a izHkkfor gks ldrh gSaA
¼4½ ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ksa ds dkj.k i;kZoj.k {kj.k gks jgk gS tks Hkkjr dks Hkh nq”izHkkfor djsxkA
¼5½ bl {ks= esa cM+s iSekus ij [kuu dk;Z gksus ls oSf'od rkiu esa o‘f) djsxk lkFk gh czãiq= unh ds ikuh dh ek=k esa âkl dk dkj.k cusxkA
bu rF;ksa ls Hkkjrh; i{k LokHkkfod :i ls fpafrr gSA
nf{k.k phu lkxj
bl {ks= esa vusdksa }hi gS ftl ij vusdksa ns'kksa dk dCtk gS] fo;ruke] phu] rkbZoku eysf’k;k] fQyhihUl] cqzub vkfn vHkh gky gh esa ogka ij [kkst esa ik;k x;k fd bl {ks= esa rsy ds izpqj Hk.Mkj gSaA
fo;ruke us 2013 esa Hkkjr ds lkFk rsy mR[kuu ds fy, le>kSrk fd;k (ONGC) ysfdu phu fojks/k ds dkj.k Hkkjr dks ogka ls okil vkuk iM+k Hkkjr esa lÙkk ifjorZu ds ckn ljdkj ds }kjk bu jk"Vªªksa ds lkFk le>kSrk fd;k x;k o Hkkjr vc iqu% rsy mR[kuu dk dk;Z izkjaHk dj jgk gSA
fl;kphu
fl;kphu ij phu viuk nkok cksyrk gS fl;kphu orZeku esa Hkkjr ds dCts esa gS phu lh;kphu ij fu;a=.k djds ikfdLrku ds lkFk gkbos dk fuekZ.k djuk pkgrk gSA
lkefjd&vkfFkZd okrkZ
Hkkjr phu ds chp lkefjd okrkZ gS ftldk ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk] vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk] ÅtkZ o vkfFkZd] i;kZoj.k fuos'k] ty rFkk orZeku oSf'od ifjn‘’; esa Hkkjr o phu ds chp laca/kksa dks csgrj cukuk okf”kZd j{kk okrkZ] lSfud vH;kl rFkk lSfud izfrfuf/k;ksa dh cSBd izkjaHk gqbZ 2012 esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp dqy 11 le>kSrs gq, ftlesa fuEu eqíksa ij lgefr cuhA jsy] ÅtkZ rFkk fodkl ds lkFk lhek lqj{kk ij eq[; lgefr cuhA
2013 esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp esa unh ty rFkk O;kikj ?kkVk ij lgefr cuh Hkkjr o phu esa ehfM;k Qksje dh LFkkiuk gqbZA blh o”kZ j{kk lg;ksx ij gLrk{kj gq,A
2014 esa %& bl o”kZ m|ksx LFkkfir le>kSrk gqvk rFkk blh o”kZ phuh jk"Vªªifr ‘kh ftu fiax Hkkjr vk, rFkk fuEu eqíksa ij lgefr cuhA dSyk’k ekuljksoj ;k=k] jsyos] varfj{k ij lg;ksx gqvkA iz/kkuea=h dh phu dh rhu fnolh; ;k=k (14-16 ebZ] 2015) ds nkSjku Hkkjr vkSj phu ds chp 24 le>kSrksa ij gLrk{kj fd,A bl phu ;k=k dh lcls izeq[k ckr jgh fd Hkkjr&phu dh lkaLd‘fr;ksa dks tksM+us ij tksj fn;k x;kA
iz/kkuea=h vkSj phuh iz/kkuea=h yh dfp;kax us Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa vkSj phuh izkarksa ds chp ckrphr ds fy, ,d Qksje dh LFkkiuk dh gSA rkfd bu nksuksa ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds chp fodkl ds fy, lh/ks rkSj ij Hkh vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj lk>snkjh gks ldsA
le>kSrs
1. [kuu vkSj [kfut ds {ks= esa lg;ksx
2. varfj{k {ks= esa lg;ksx ij le>kSrk
3. i;ZVu {ks= esa lg;ksx ij le>ksrk
4. Hkkjr&phu ds chp cusxk fFkad VSad Qksje
5. Hkwdai foKku vkSj bathfu;fjax ds {ks= esa lg;ksx
6. leqnz foKku] leqnz izkS|ksfxdh] tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj /kqzoh; foKku ds {ks= esa lg;ksx
7. Hkkjr ls jsilhM [kk|kUu vk;kr djus ij LokLF; vkSj lqj{kk fofu;eu le>kSrk
uksV%& Qjojh 2015 chftax esa “Visit India year in China” dks Launch fd;kA
Hkkjr&phu fons'k ea=h
fons'k ea=h us 1 Qjojh] 2015 dks ,f'k;kbZ lnh esa dk;ksZUeq[kh vo/kkj.kk ds lkFk Hkkjr&phu laca/kksa dh ubZ 'kq:vkr ds fy, Ng lw=h ekWMy izLrkfor fd, gSaA
Ng lw=h ekWMy fuEu gSa&
1. dk;ksZUeq[kh :[k
2. O;kid vk/kkj okys f}i{kh; laca/kA
3. lkekU;] {ks=h; vkSj oSf'od fgrksa dks lkFk ysdj pyukA
4. lg;ksx ds u, {ks=ksa dk fodklA
5. j.kuhfrd laidZ foLrkjA
6. vke vkdka{kkvksa dks iwjk djukA
i;ZVu dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, 2015 foftV bafM;k bZ;j bu pkbuk dk;ZØe dh 'kq:vkr dh xbZA D;ksafd yksxksa ds chp laca/k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, i;ZVu ,d izHkkoh ek/;e gSA
iz/kkuea=h dk phu nkSjk
iz/kkuea=h dh phu dh rhu fnolh; ;k=k (14-16 ebZ] 2015) ds nkSjku Hkkjr vkSj phu ds chp 24 le>kSrksa ij gLrk{kj fd,A bl phu ;k=k dh lcls izeq[k ckr jgh fd Hkkjr&phu dh lkaLd`fr;ksa dks tksM+us ij tksj fn;k x;kA
iz/kkuea=h vkSj phuh iz/kkuea=h yh dfp;kax us Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa vkSj phuh izkarksa ds chp ckrphr ds fy, ,d Qksje dh LFkkiuk dh gSA rkfd bu nksuksa ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds chp fodkl ds fy, lh/ks rkSj ij Hkh vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj lk>snkjh gks ldsA
le>kSrs
1. [kuu vkSj [kfut ds {ks= esa lg;ksx
2. varfj{k {ks= esa lg;ksx ij le>kSrk
3. i;ZVu {ks= esa lg;ksx ij le>ksrk
4. Hkkjr&phu ds chp cusxk fFkad VSad Qksje
5. Hkwdai foKku vkSj bathfu;fjax ds {ks= esa lg;ksx
6. leqnz foKku] leqnz izkS|ksfxdh] tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj /kqzoh; foKku ds {ks= esa lg;ksx
7. Hkkjr ls jsilhM [kk|kUu vk;kr djus ij LokLF; vkSj lqj{kk fofu;eu le>kSrk
Hkkjr ,oa phu&rsy opZLo
orZeku esa e/; ,f'k;k ls vÝhdk rd ds {ks= esa phu esa cM+s vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh jk"Vªh; rsy daifu;ka vius led{k NksVs Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa dks vklkuh ls nckus esa lQy jgh gSaA fons'kh rsy lalk/kuksa ds
vf/kdkj ds ekeys esa phu dk Hkkjr ij izHkqRo cgqr gh Li"V gS fdUrq Hkfo"; esa Hkkjr bls myVus esa laHko gks ik,xkA blds dkj.kksa ij xkSj djsa rks ikrs gSa fd varjkZ"Vªh; rsy ds nke esa gkfy;k fxjkoV gqbZ gS e/; twu ds 'kh"kZ Lrj
$ 115 izfr cSjy ls ?kVdj tuojh 2016 'kq:vkr esa 40 MkWyj izfr cSjy rd vk x;h gS tks vc rd dh U;wure dher gSA ;g Hkkjr ds fy, ,d lqvolj gSA blls Hkkjrh; rsy daifu;ksa dks vf/kd fdQk;rh nj ij fons'kh daifu;ksa ds foy; ,oa vf/kxzg.k ds fy, ykxr fey tk,xhA oSf'od ifjn`'; ds cnyko ls phu dh rsy daifu;ksa us viuh varjkZ"Vªh; xfrfof/k;ksa dks de djds ?kjsyw xfrfof/k;ksa esa /;kueXu gks x;h gSaA
ftldk izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k ykHk Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa dks feysxkA
phuh daifu;ksa ,oa Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa esa izfrLi/kkZ % fons'k rsy {ks= ds ekeys esa phuh daifu;ksa dk Hkkjr ij izHkqRo igys rd Li"V ugha FkkA o"kZ 2013 esa rsy le`) dtk[kLrku dh dklxu ifj;kstuk esa lcls fo'kky rsy HkaMkj izkIr gqvk gS] Hkkjr dh vks,uthlh fons'k tks Hkkjr ljdkj dk ,d izfr"Bku gS tks fons'kksa esa rsy {ks= dk vf/kxzg.k dj mR[kuu djrh gS] bl ifj;kstuk esa viuh fgLlsnkjh dks izkIr djuk pkg jgh FkhA ;g le>kSrk lEiUu gksus ls igys gh phu dh pkbuk us'kuy isVªksfy;e dkWiksZjs'ku ¼lh,uihlh½ us izos'k dj vks,uthlh fons'k fyfeVsM dks le>kSrs ls ckgj dj fn;kA
Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa ds fiNM+us dk dkj.k
(1) lh,eihlh ,slk vius phuh fodkl cSad rFkk phuh vk;kr&fu;kZr cSad ds lg;ksx ls izkIr vjcksa MkWyj ds dtZ ds dkj.k djus esa lQy gks ik;kA
(2) fons'kksa esa phuh jk"Vªh; rsy daifu;ksa dks lcls cM+k ykHk phu ds ljdkjh cSadksa ls dkQh cM+h ek=k esa iwath dh izkfIr gSA
(3) phu dh jk"Vªh; rsy daifu;ksa ds Lo;a ds ikl Hkh fons'kksa esa [kpZ djus ds fy, dkQh udnh miyC/k gSA
(4) phuh dEifu;ka o`gn Lrj ij rsy mRiknu djrh gSa tcfd Hkkjrh; daifu;ka mldk dqN gh va'k rsy mRiknu dj ikrh gSaA
(5) phuh rsy daifu;ksa dks vius ns'k esa jktuhfrd 'kfDr izkIr gS cfYd Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa dks ugha
(6) phu esa rsy vf/kdkjh mPp inLFk lnL;ksa ls vkrs gSaA tcfd Hkkjr esa rsy daiuh o jktuhfrd usr`Ro ds chp ,d ukSdj'kkgh cQj gSA
Hkkjr ds fy, laHkkouk %
phuh izfrLi/kkZ de gksus ds dkj.k phuh daifu;ksa ds mPp _.k Hkkj rFkk ?kVrs rsy ewY; us bu phuh rsy daifu;ksa dk /;ku vc fons'kh rsy {ks= ls gVk dj ?kjsyw rsy {ks= esa yxk fn;k gSA
phuh ljdkj detksj gks jgh vFkZO;oLFkk ds dkj.k fons'kksa esa vf/kxzg.k dks grksRlkfgr fd;k gSA
ftlls fxjrk gqvk rsy dk nke Hkkjrh; rsy daifu;ksa ds fy, fons'kksa esa rsy {ks= dk vf/kxzg.k tksf[ke ds lkFk ,d mfpr lkSnk gSA fxjrs rsy ds nkeksa ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; rsy daifu;ksa ds fy, ?kjsyw vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; laLFkkvksa ls m/kkj ysus dh {kerk esa Hkh o`f) djsxk ftlls daifu;ka fons'kksa esa ubZ rFkk cM+s lkSnksa dks lEiUu dj ldsaxhA

vesfjdk dh ,f'k;k fioV uhfr rFkk phu
;g uhfr mÙkjh vesfjdk egk}hi ds if'peh rV ls ysdj Hkkjrh; miegk}hi rd iz'kkar egklkxj vkSj fgUn egklkxj ds nk;js esa foLr`r ,f'k;k iz'kkar {ks= ij dsafnzr gSA bl uhfr ds }kjk vesfjdk dwVuhfrd] lSU; vkSj vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa dk iquZlarqyu djrs gq, iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ {ks= esa mudk igys ls vf/kd fuos'k dj ikajifjd lg;ksfx;ksa  rd vesfjdh igqap c<+kus dk y{; gSA
vesfjdk vius ,f'k;kbZ /kwjh uhfr dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, 2014 esa vesfjdk ds jk"Vªifr cjkd vksckek }kjk e/; iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa tkiku] nf{k.k dksfj;k] eysf'k;k vkSj fQyhihal ds ;k=k dh xbZA ogha fQyhihal ;k=k ds nkSjku vesfjdk vkSj fQyhihal ds e/; u, 10 o"khZ; lqj{kk le>kSrs fd, x,Aphu csgn lfØ; dwVuhfr ds lkFk nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa viuk izHkko c<+k jgk gSA ,f'k;k dh ;g egk'kfDr vQxku 'kkafr izfØ;k esa 'kkfey gksus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA ikfdLrku esa fctyh ifj;kstuk,a LFkkfir dj jgk gS vkSj Hkkjr esa fuos'k dj jgk gSA
phu f=dks.k % ,f'k;k ds Hkfo"; dh /kwjh Hkkjr] phu vkSj tkiku dk f=dks.k gSA vkus okys o"kksaZ esa ,f'k;k dh Hkw&jktuhfr tkiku vkSj Hkkjr ds izxk<+ laca/kksa ls dkQh gn rd izHkkfor gksxhA Hkkjr tkiku ds etcwr gksrs laca/k phu dh ,f'k;k&iz'kkar {ks= esa c<+rs izHkko ij vadq'k yxk ldrs gSaA
Hkkjr vkSj tkiku dks ,f'k;k ds 'kfDr larqyu vkSj iz'kkar&fgan egklkxj ds egRoiw.kZ leqnzh ekxksaZ dh lqj{kk esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gSA bl {ks= dk egRo blfy, Hkh c<+ tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g oSf'od O;kikj vkSj ÅtkZ vkiwfrZ dk egRoiw.kZ leqnzh ekxZ gSA Hkkjr vkSj tkiku ds ds chp lgHkkfxrk c<+us ls ldkjkRed vlj gksxk vkSj ,f'k;k dk 'kfDr larqyu c<+sxkA orZeku esa tkiku Hkkjr ds lkFk igys ls dgha vf/kd etcwr vkSj lrr~ lgHkkfxrk dk i{k/kj gSA
,f'k;k /kwjh uhfr dk ykHk %
(1) vesfjdk }kjk ;g le>kSrk bu {ks= esa iqu% vius izHkko dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd;k x;kA
(2) ;g fo'o dk lcls cM+k eqDr O;kikj {ks= gksxkA
(3) bl izdkj ls bl {ks= esa 'kfDr larqyu LFkkfir gksxk] ftlesa ,d i{k phu dk gksxk rks nwljk i{k vesfjdk dk gksxkA
(4) {ks= esa 'kfDr larqyu LFkkfir gksus ls dgha u dgha 'kkafr LFkkiuk dks Hkh cy feysxkA
phuh ^esjhVkbe flYd jksM* cuke Hkkjrh; ^ekSle* izkstsDV
phu dh egRokdka{kh ;kstukvksa ^esjhVkbe flYd jksM* ftlesa vÝhdk rV ds leqnzrVh; ns'kksa dks leqnzh O;kikj ekxZ ls tksM+us dh ;kstuk gS vkSj ;wjksi dks tehuh O;kikj ekxZ ls tksM+us okys ^ou csYV ou jksM* dh fo'oHkj esa ppkZ gks jgh gSA phu dh bu egRokdka{kh vkfFkZd igyksa phu dh egRokdka{kh ;kstukvksa ^esjhVkbe flYd jksM* ftlesa vÝhdk rV ds leqnzrVh; ns'kksa dks leqnzh O;kikj ekxZ ls tksM+us dh ;kstuk gS vkSj ;wjksi dks tehuh O;kikj ekxZ ls tksM+us okys ^ou csYV ou jksM* dh fo'oHkj esa ppkZ gks jgh gSA phu dh bu egRokdka{kh vkfFkZd igyksa ds tokc esa Hkkjr ljdkj xq.kxku djrs gq, bls fQj ls lfØ; djus dh ?kks"k.kk dh FkhA

phu&usiky&Hkkjr vkfFkZd xfy;kjk
phu] usiky vkSj Hkkjr ds chp ,d vkfFkZd xfy;kjk cukus dh phu dh igy dh Hkkjr ljkguk djrk gSA Hkkjr us gh phu dh ,d vkSj izeq[k varjkZ"Vªh; ifj;kstuk&ckaXykns'k&phu&Hkkjr&E;kaekj vkfFkZd xfy;kjs dk Hkh leFkZu djus dks dgk gSA ,f'k;kbZ vkfFkZd {ks= cukus ds fo"k; ij ubZ fnYyh vkSj chftax ds chp esa esy&feyki dh izo‘fÙk dk ;g ,d Li”V ladsr gSA gky ds o”kksaZ esa Hkkjr vkSj phu ds chp laca/kksa esa vkfFkZd lg;ksx dh vko';drk dks Li”V :i ls ekU;rk nsrs ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
ifj;kstuk ds izfrHkkfx;ksa ds fy, ckaXykns'k&phu&Hkkjr&E;kaekj ifjogu xfy;kjk dkQh cM+s ykHk dk oknk djrk gSA ifjogu ?kVd igys ls gh ekStwn gSA vc dsoy iM+kslh ns'kksa ds ifjogu ekxksaZ dks ,d usVodZ esa tksM+us dh t:jr gSA Hkkjr dks nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k ds cktkjksa esa igqap fey tk,xh vkSj phu dks eyDdk ladh.kZ LVªsV dh ctk; fgan egklkxj ds fy, ,d csgrj igqap izkIr gks tk,xhA ;g phu ds fy, vkfFkZd lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gSA
ckaXykns'k&phu&Hkkjr&E;kaekj xfy;kjs ds fuekZ.k ls {ks= dh vU; tfVy leL;kvksa dks gy djus dh laHkkouk Hkh c<+ tk,xhA ;g xfy;kjk Hkkjr ds v:.kkpy izns'k ls gksdj xqtjsxk] tks phu vkSj Hkkjr ds chp lhek fookn dk ,d fo"k; gSA bl oSf'od ifj;kstuk dk dk;kZUo;u fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk ds rsth ls fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsxkA


ftl rjg phu ds Hkkjr vkSj vU; ns'kksa ds lkFk izkphudkyhu O;kikj ds ekxZ dks flYd jksM dgk tkrk Fkk] oSls gh Hkkjr ds ckdh nqfu;k ls pyus okys O;kikj ds ekxZ dks ^Likbl :V* dgk tkrk FkkA ^ekSle* vkSj Likbl :Vksa dks fQj ls thoar cukus ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj dh vksj ls dksbZ lkFkZd igy vc rd ugha ns[kus dks feyk gSA
phu dk okLrfod bjknk bu O;kikfjd ekxksaZ ds }kjk vius vkfFkZd vkSj lkefjd fgr lk/kuk gS u fd bu O;kikfjd ekxksaZ ij iM+us okys ns'kksa ds lkFk vkfFkZd vknku&iznku c<+kukA
fda?kkbZ&frCcr jsyos dk foLrkj usiky rd
phu dh ;kstuk frCcr vkSj usiky ds chp 540 fdeh- yack ,d jsyekxZ cukus dh gS tks ekmaV ,ojsLV ds uhps lqjax ls gksdj xqtjsxkA bl dne ls Hkkjr dks fpark gks ldrh gSA blls f}i{kh; O;kikj vkSj i;ZVu dks c<+kok feysxk] D;ksafd orZeku esa nksuksa ns'kksa dks tksM+us okyk dksbZ jsy ekxZ ugha gSA bl jsyekxZ ds o"kZ 2020 rd iwjk gksus dh laHkkouk gSA
phu bl ;kstuk ds ek/;e ls frCcr jsyos dks dsjeax rd foLrkj nsuk pkgrk gSA phu vius jsyos usVodZ dk foLrkj Hkkjr vkSj HkwVku rd djus dh ?kks"k.kk igys gh dj pqdk gS fd&
(1) phu blds ek/;e ls usiky rd O;kikj ekxZ dh LFkkiuk djuk pkgrk gS ftlls LFky ekxZ ls nksuksa ns'kksa ds e/; O;kikj laiUu gks ldsA
(2) Hkkjr dh fpark dk dkj.k  gS fd phu nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa viuk izHkko {ks= c<+kuk pkgrk gSA ;g ckr cgqr gn rd phu }kjk usiky dks nh tk jgh lgk;rk ls Hkh Li"V gksrk gSA
phu dh ou csYV] ou jksM ikWfylh
phu bldh ;kstuk ls ,f'k;k ds lkFk ;wjksi vkSj vÝhdk rd viuh igqap lqfuf’pr djuk pkgrk gSA blds fy, 28 ekpZ 2015 esa bl ;kstuk dks tkjh fd;k bl igy ds nks eq[; Hkkx gSaA
1- flYd jksM bdksukWfed csYV&;g phu dks ;wjksi ls tksM+us ds fy, gS ;g csYV e/; ,f'k;k ds ioZr {ks=ksa ls fudysxkA
2- esjhVkbe flYd jksM&;g phu dh canjxkg lqfo/kk dks vÝhdu rVksa ls tksM+sxk tks Lost dSuky ls ysdj e/; lkxj rd tkrk gSA
;g ;kstuk cqfu;knh <kaps ds fuekZ.k ds vykok foÙkh; ,dkxzrk rFkk lwpuk o lapkj rduhd usVodZ dk foLrkj djsxhA blesa O;kikj o fuos'k dh ck/kkvksa dks Hkh de fd;k tk,xkA
uksV%
csYV& csYV ‘kCn dk laca/k lM+d] jsyekxZ] rsy] izkd`frd xSl] ikbZiykbu rFkk vU; lajpukRed ;kstukvksa dk lqfu;ksftr usVodZ gSA tks e/; ,f'k;k ls e/; phu rd foLrkfjr gSA tks ekLdks] jkVjMse rFkk osful rd tk,xkA
lM+d&leqnz ds cjkcj fu;ksftr canjxkg ,oa vU; rVh; lajpuk ;kstuk dk ,d usVodZ gSA tks nf{k.k ,oa nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k ls iwohZ vÝhdk vkSj mÙkjh Hkwe/; lkxj rd ds y{; dks vafdr djrk gSA
phu dks ykHk
(1) ;g ekxZ phu ds vYifodflr {ks=ksa ls gksdj tk,xk ftlls mudk Hkh fodkl gksxkA
(2) phu ds ek/;e ls Over Capacity m|ksx dks Make up djuk pkgrk gS vkSj {ks=h; cktkj esa phu ds O;kikj ds izos'k dks vklku o lqyHk djuk pkgrk gSA
(3) phu vius iM+ksfl;ksa ;k i{k/kjksa ds lkFk vkfFkZd lk>snkjh dks etcwr djuk pkgrk gSA
(4) phu ÅtkZ [kuu {ks=ksa esa fuos'k c<+kuk pkgrk gS eq[;r% e/; ,f'k;k {ks=ksa esa ;g dk;Z phu dh fuHkZjrk dks c<+k;sxkA
rCcr bl csYV dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gksxkA phu us fda?kbZ&frCcr jsyos ykbu fl/kkLrs rd igqapk pqdk gS ;g usiky o HkwVku ds utnhd gSA
Hkkjr% phu o Hkkjr ds fo'okl dh Mksj dkQh detksj gS muds chp esa Trust-Defecit ls budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fiNys 10 o”kksaZ ls phu] Hkkjr ds iM+ksfl;ksa ds lkFk vius csgrj laca/k cukus (Strings of Peal) dk iz;kl dj jgk gSA lkFk gh vHkh gky gh esa phu&ikfdLrkuh vkfFkZd dksfjMksj dks ysdj Hkh Hkkjr fpfUrr gSA
phu& frCcr esa felkbyksa dh la[;k c<+k jgk gS ikfdLrku esa XokMj rFkk E;kaekj esa dksdks canjxkg ij viuk foLrkj dj pqdk gSA phu bl rjg ds esxk izkstsDV ds }kjk la;qDr jk"Vªª dh lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dh LFkk;h ehV ds fy, Hkkjrh; eqfge dk fojks/k djds lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa Hkkjr dh eqfge jksduk pkgrk gSA
vHkh rd Hkh phu us lhekikj vkradokn dks ekU;rk ugha nh gSA
lhek fookn vkt rd Hkh ugha lqy> ik;k gSA
phu&ikfdLrku dksfjMksj
20-21 vizSy 2015 dks phu ds jk"Vªifr us ikfdLrku ;k=k ds nkSjku nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp lg;ksx c<+kus gsrq bl dksfjMksj ds fuekZ.k djus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA bl ifj;kstuk esa jsy] lM+d] rsy o xSl ikbiykbu ds tfj, phu ds if'peh {ks= dks ikfdLrku ds Xoknj canjxkg ¼cywfpLrku½ ls tksM+sxkA
phu&ikd laca/k
1962 ds ;q) ds ckn ikfdLrku us phu dks rkbZoku] f>ft;kax o frCcr tSls laosnu'khy eqíksa ij leFkZu fn;kA ikfLrku phu ds gfFk;kjksa ij fuHkZj gS lkFk gh ijek.kq dk;ZØe ds midj.k dh iwfrZ Hkh phu djrk gSA gfYd ek=k esa phu us ikd dks 46 vjc MkWyj dh lgk;rk nh gSA ;g jkf'k vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ds fuekZ.k ds fy, nh gSA



                               To be cont.........
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