Saturday, 9 July 2016

Relations between the US and India look better today in hindi

relation between america and india in hindi
Hkkjr&vesfjdk
1947 ds ckn Hkkjr o vesfjdk ds laca/k e/kqj jgs ysfdu tSls&tSls Hkkjr dh utnhdh phu dh vksj c<+h oSls&oSls Hkkjr dh nwjh vesfjdk ls c<+rh pyhA 1962 esa vesfjdk us Hkkjr dks gfFk;kjksa ds }kjk lg;ksx miyC/k djk;k ysfdu 1965 esa ikfdLrku dks isVu VSad fn;kA fQj 1971 Hkkjr o ikfdLrku ds ;q) ds le; laca/kksa esa csgn vf/kd dVqrk vk x;hA
laca/kksa dh iqu% 'kq:vkr jktho xka/kh dh ;k=k 1987 ls gqbZ ysfdu 1990 esa vesfjdk us fodflr jk"Vªksa ds fgrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa ds }kjk LPG dks ykxw dj fn;k blds i'pkr 1998 esa atomic/ ukfHkdh; ijh{k.k gqvk o vesfjdk us vusdksa izfrca/k Hkkjr ij yxk fn;sA ysfdu viuh vko';drkvksa ds dkj.k vesfjdk us ;g izfrca/k Hkh okil gVk fy,A
2001 esa 9/11 dh ?kVuk ds ckn nksuksa ns'kksa dks ,d nwljs ds djhc ykdj [kM+k dj fn;k vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; vkardokn dh yM+kbZ esa Hkkjr us vesfjdk ds lkFk ds fy, cksyk vkSj lkFk fn;kA 2005 esa iz/kkuea=h eueksgu flag vesfjdk dh ;k=k ij x, vkSj ogka flfoy U;wfDy;j Mhy vFkkZr ukxfjd ¼vlSU;½ ijek.kq le>kSrs ij lgefr cuh ftls vesfjdh (USA) dkaxzsl us 2006 esa ikl dj fn;k ftls Hkkjr dh laln us tqykbZ 2008 esa ikl fd;kA vesfjdk us vius iz;klksa ds }kjk NSG ¼U;wfDy;j lIykbZ xqzi½ ds }kjk Hkh bl le>kSrs dks ikl djk;k ftl dkj.k nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp esa laca/k etcwr gq,A
2009 esa cjkd vksckek vesfjdk ds jk"Vªifr cus vkSj cuus ds ckn bUgksaus ^ekbyLVksu ifj;sktuk* dh 'kq:vkr dh bl ifj;kstuk esa mPp Lrjh; okrZyki ubZ vkfFkZd iz.kkyh gsrq laca/kksa dh 'kq:vkr dh xbZA bl ifj;kstuk ds }kjk fo'o dh izFke vFkZO;oLFkk dks pkSFkh vFkZO;oLFkk ds lehi yk;k x;kA
VªsM ikWfylh Qksje
nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp esa O;kikfjd laca/k csgrj cukus ds fy, O;kikfjd izfrfuf/k dks ,d nwljs ds utnhd yk;k x;k ftlesa d`f"k fuos'k] lfoZl] VSDl ,oa ckSf)d lEink ij gLrk{kj gq, ,oa buds chp esa vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dks nwj fd;k x;kA
dks iSd&3 (PAC-3) Patriat Advanced Capability  ij lg;ksx fn;k ;g felkbZy gok esa gh ml felkbZy dks [kRe dj nsrh gSA
MOU gLrk{kj
nksuksa ns'kksa us vkil esa fo'okl cgkrh ds fy, ;g gLrk{kj fd, vkSj blesa dgk fd ^^Hkkjr o vesfjdk ds laca/k 21oha lnh dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaxsA** rFkk nksuksa feydj vkradokn ,oa fodkl] LokLF;] vkfFkZd O;kikj d`f"k ij dk;Z djsaxsA
2010 esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp le>kSrs gq, ftlesa iz;ksx esa yk, gq,
bZa/ku dks pqu iz;ksx djus dk vf/kdkj Hkkjr dks fn;k x;kA
2011 esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp esa (Strategic partnership) lkefjd lgHkkfxrk gqbZ ftlesa lSfud lg;ksx ij cy fn;k x;k vkSj lkFk gh vFkZO;oLFkk ,oa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij Hkh /;ku fn;k x;kA
lkefjd okrkZ
lSfud lg;ksx ds vykok vU; leLr {ks=ksa esa Hkkjr&vesfjdk ds chp le>kSrs gq, ¼2013 esa½
Note :- dqN vU; le>kSrs
Center terrirism Coapration Initiative (CCI) : nksuksa ns'kksa us vkradokn ij jksdus gsrq lgefr cuh vkSj lkFk gh vesfjdk us Hkkjr dks iSd&3 (PAC-3) Patriat Advanced Capability  ij lg;ksx  
vesfjdk&Hkkjr lkbcj okrkZ 2015
oSf'od lkbcj lqj{kk esa o`f) vkSj fMftVy vFkZO;oLFkk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vesfjdk vkSj Hkkjr us lkbcj eqíksa ij etcwr lg;ksx dh izfrc)rk dh gSA blesa lkbcj ladV] lkbcj lqj{kk lwpuk dh fgLlsnkjh esa o`f)] lkbcj nq?kZVuk izca/ku] lkbcj vijk/k ls fuiVus ds iz;klksa esa esd bu bafM;k ds lanHkZ esa lkbcj lqj{kk lg;ksx] baVjusV vfHk'kklu ds eqís rFkk lkbcj Lisl esa jkT; O;ogkj ds ekunaM 'kkfey gSaA
2. Hkkjr dk [kk| lqj{kk le>kSrk
vesfjdk us d`f"k lfClMh ls laacaf/kr Hkkjr ds izLrko dks eku fy;kA tgka Hkkjr ds fy, ,d cM+h dwVuhfrd dke;kch gS ogha blls fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa Vh,Q, dks ysdj pyk vk jgk xfrjks/k nwj gksus dk jkLrk cuk gSA
fookn dk dkj.k
Hkkjr dk rdZ Fkk fd fu;e iqjkuh dherksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA fu;eksa dk gokyk nsrs gq, Hkkjr dk dguk Fkk fd u, le>kSrs ds vuqlkj ljdkjksa dks [kk| lfClMh dSi dks mRiknu dh dher dk 10% gh djuk gSA dher 1986-88 dh dherksa ij vk/kkfjr lkFk gh 10% dh lfClMh dSi ds mYya?ku ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds [kk|kUuksa dh lkoZtfud HkaMkj {kerk izHkkfor gksxhA blfy, Hkkjr us ekax dh fd u, le>kSrs dks vafre :i MCY;wVhvks ds lnL;ksa }kjk [kk| lfClMh ds fu;eksa ds cnyko ij lger gksus ds ckn gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
u;k izko/kku
u, izko/kku esa ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd fofHkUu ns'k d`f"k lfClMh tkjh j[k ldrs gSa] muds f[kykQ MCY;wVhvks ds fookn fuiVkjk
izkf/kdj.k esa vihy ugha dh tk ldsxhA izko/kku dks 'kkafr vuqPNsn ¼ihl DykWt½ dk uke fn;k x;k gSA Hkkjr us MCY;wVhvks ls d`f"k lfClMh dh x.kuk ds ekud cnyus ds fy, dgk Fkk rkfd og U;wure leFkZu ewY; ij fdlkuksa ls [kk|kUuksa dh [kjhn dj ldsA lkFk gh MCY;wVhvks ds ekudksa dk mYya?ku fd, cxSj xjhcksa dks mls lLrs ewY; ij csp ldsA ekStwnk fu;eksa esa [kk|kUu lfClMh dh lhek r; gSA
ykHk
Hkjr dh igy ij fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa tks le>kSrk gqvk gS] og fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds cktkjksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, vPNk gSA
(1) bl le>kSrs ij igqapus ds ckn O;kikj izfØ;k dks ljy cukus ds lkjs izko/kkuksa dks ykxw djuk vkSj mlesa r; fd, x, jkLrksa ij vkxs c<+uk laHko gks tk,xkA
(2) dLVe vkSj lhek dj gVus ds ckn fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk O;kikj ds {ks= esa fd, tkus okys [kpksaZ esa Hkkjh deh laHko gks ik;sxhA
(3) jkstxkj dk l`tu gksxkA
Vh,Q, % Vh,Q, ¼O;kikj lqxerk le>kSrk½ dks fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds ckyh f'k[kj lEesyu (2013) esa izLrkfor fd;k x;k FkkA O;kikj lqfo/kk le>kSrs ds vuqlkj d`f"k mRikn ds HkaMkj.k vkSj lfClMh ds elys ij dLVe dkuwuksa dks mnkj cukuk gSA

tyok;q ifjorZu le>kSrk fnlacj 2015
vesfjdk vkSj phu us chftax esa tyok;q ifjorZu ds ,sfrgkfld le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd,A
(1) tyok;q le>kSrksa esa phu us ?kks"k.kk dh gS fd o"kZ 2030 rd dkcZu mRltZu dh mldh nj mPpre Lrj ij igqapuh gS] ysfdu mldk mPpre nj dk o"kZ blds igys gh vk tk;sxkA phu vius dqy bZa/ku esa xSj&thok'e bZa/ku] [kklrkSj ij ijek.kq] lkSj o iou ÅtkZ dh fgLlsnkjh o"kZ 2030 rd c<+kdj 20% rd ys vk,xkA
(2) vesfjdk o"kZ 2015 rd dkcZu mRltZu dk Lrj ?kVkdj o"kZ 2005 ds Lrj ij ys vk,xkA vesfjdk dk bjknk mRltZu esa 26-28% dh deh djus dk gSA
vesfjdk }kjk 15% vkSj phu }kjk 29% xzhu gkÅl xSlksa dk mRltZu fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr us Hkh o"kZ 2020 rd mRltZu xgurk esa o"kZ 2005 ds Lrj ls 20-25 izfr'kr dh deh djus dh izfrc)rk trk;h gSA
fjiksVZ
Xykscy okfeZax dks 2 fMxzh lsfYl;l rd lhfer j[kus dk tks QSlyk o"kZ 2009 esa fd;k Fkk ml ij vey ds fy, mRltZu rqjar jksduk gksxkA fctyh mRiknu dks dks;ys ds ctk; ijek.kq ÅtkZ ls cnyuk gksxkA ÅtkZ {ks= esa uohdj.kh; lzksrksa dk fgLlk orZeku ds 30% ls c<+dj o"kZ 2050 rd 80% rd gks tkuk pkfg,A nh?kZdky esa ^^cxSj lhlh,l ds thok'e bZa/ku ls ÅtkZ mRiknu dks 2100 rd iwjh rjg can djuk gksxkA**
vesfjdk dh fpUrk
ckaXykns'k&phu&Hkkjr&E;kaekj xfy;kjs ds fuekZ.k ls {ks= dh vU; tfVy leL;kvksa dks gy djus dh laHkkouk Hkh c<+ tk,xhA ;g xfy;kjk Hkkjr ds v:.kkpy izns'k ls gksdj xqtjsxk] tks phu vkSj Hkkjr ds chp lhek fookn dk ,d fo"k; gSA bl oSf'od ifj;kstuk dk dk;kZUo;u fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk ds rsth ls fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsxkA bl rjg dh ;kstuk,a nqfu;k ij cus gq, vejhdk ds izHkqRo ds fy, ,d [krjk gSA ;kstuk dks jksdus dh vejhdk igys Hkh dksf'k'k dj pqdk gSA vejhdk }kjk Vªkal&iz'kkar Hkkxhnkjh LFkkfir djus dk bjknk bldk ,d mnkgj.k gS vkSj bl Hkkxhnkjh ls og phu vkSj :l tSlh nks izeq[k iz'kkar 'kfDr;ksa dks nwj j[kuk pkgrk gSA vejhdk ubZ flYd jksM ifj;kstuk ds ekxZ esa gj rjg dh vM+pusa Mkyus dk iz;Ru djsxkA
vesfjdk dh ,f'k;k fioV uhfr
;g uhfr mÙkjh vesfjdk egk}hi ds if'peh rV ls ysdj Hkkjrh; miegk}hi rd iz'kkar egklkxj vkSj fgUn egklkxj ds nk;js esa foLr`r ,f'k;k iz'kkar {ks= ij dsafnzr gSA bl uhfr ds }kjk vesfjdk dwVuhfrd] lSU; vkSj vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa dk iquZlarqyu djrs gq, iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ {ks= esa mudk igys ls vf/kd fuos'k dj ikajifjd lg;ksfx;ksa  rd vesfjdh igqap c<+kus dk y{; gSA
vesfjdk vius ,f'k;kbZ /kwjh uhfr dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, 2014 esa vesfjdk ds jk"Vªifr cjkd vksckek }kjk e/; iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa tkiku] nf{k.k dksfj;k] eysf'k;k vkSj fQyhihal ds ;k=k dh xbZA ogha fQyhihal ;k=k ds nkSjku vesfjdk vkSj fQyhihal ds e/; u, 10 o"khZ; lqj{kk le>kSrs fd, x,A
phu csgn lfØ; dwVuhfr ds lkFk nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa viuk izHkko c<+k jgk gSA ,f'k;k dh ;g egk'kfDr vQxku 'kkafr izfØ;k esa 'kkfey gksus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA ikfdLrku esa fctyh ifj;kstuk,a LFkkfir dj jgk gS vkSj Hkkjr esa fuos'k dj jgk gSA
phu f=dks.k % ,f'k;k ds Hkfo"; dh /kwjh Hkkjr] phu vkSj tkiku dk f=dks.k gSA vkus okys o"kksaZ esa ,f'k;k dh Hkw&jktuhfr tkiku vkSj Hkkjr ds izxk<+ laca/kksa ls dkQh gn rd izHkkfor gksxhA Hkkjr tkiku ds etcwr gksrs laca/k phu dh ,f'k;k&iz'kkar {ks= esa c<+rs izHkko ij vadq'k yxk ldrs gSaA
Hkkjr vkSj tkiku dks ,f'k;k ds 'kfDr larqyu vkSj iz'kkar&fgan egklkxj ds egRoiw.kZ leqnzh ekxksaZ dh lqj{kk esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gSA bl {ks= dk egRo blfy, Hkh c<+ tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g oSf'od O;kikj vkSj ÅtkZ vkiwfrZ dk egRoiw.kZ leqnzh ekxZ gSA Hkkjr vkSj tkiku ds ds chp lgHkkfxrk c<+us ls ldkjkRed vlj gksxk vkSj ,f'k;k dk 'kfDr larqyu c<+sxkA orZeku esa tkiku Hkkjr ds lkFk igys ls dgha vf/kd etcwr vkSj lrr~ lgHkkfxrk dk i{k/kj gSA
,f'k;k /kwjh uhfr dk ykHk %
(1) vesfjdk }kjk ;g le>kSrk bu {ks= esa iqu% vius izHkko dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd;k x;kA
(2) ;g fo'o dk lcls cM+k eqDr O;kikj {ks= gksxkA
(3) bl izdkj ls bl {ks= esa 'kfDr larqyu LFkkfir gksxk] ftlesa ,d i{k phu dk gksxk rks nwljk i{k vesfjdk dk gksxkA
(4) {ks= esa 'kfDr larqyu LFkkfir gksus ls dgha u dgha 'kkafr LFkkiuk dks Hkh cy feysxkA

 vksckek dh Hkkjr ;k=k
vesfjdh jk"Vªifr cjkd vksckek dk 25 ls 27 tuojh] 2015 dk ;g nkSjk] Hkkjr ds fy, dwVuhfrd vkSj euksoSKkfud egRo dk gSA vksckek dh bl ;k=k ds nkSjku rhu egRoiw.kZ le>kSrs fd, x, gSaA
(1) o"kZ 2022 rd 100 xhxkokV vkSj ÅtkZ mRiknu esa lg;ksx
(2) ljdkj dh egRokdka{kh LekVZ flVh ;kstuk
(3) j{kk izkS|ksfxdh vkSj O;kikj le>kSrs vge FksA
(4) foeku izkS|ksfxdh vkSj tsV batu izkS|ksfxdh ds LFkkukarj.k gks ldrs gSaA
vesfjdk ;k=k ds oDr ^pysa lkFk&lkFk* dk;ZØe ds rgr Hkkjr esa fodkl ds fy, rduhd tSls eqíksa ij ckr gqbZ FkhA vesfjdk us vk'oklu fn;k fd j{kk vkSj lkefjd eqíksa ij vkilh lg;ksx ds lkFk&lkFk vesfjdk baVjus'kuy ,DliksVZ daVªksy fjfte esa Hkkjr dh lnL;rk ds fy, iz;kl djsxkA
vksckek us viuh ;k=k ds nkSjku pkj vjc MkWyj dh enn vkfFkZd {ks= esa nsus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA ljdkj ds xSj ikjaifjd ÅtkZ {ks= esa r; fd, x, vge y{;ksa dks gkfly djus esa enn djus ds fy, nks vjc MkWyj dh enn dk ,yku fd;k gSA
vesfjdk&Hkkjr
vksckek dh bl ;k=k ds nkSjku nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp o"kZ 2008 ds mÙkjk)Z ls gh py jgh U;wfDy;j Mhy ij Hkkjr dks cM+h dke;kch feyh gSA U;wfDy;j Mhy esa nks cM+s eqíksa ij nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp
xfrjks/k nwj gqvk gS vkSj lgefr cuh gSA ijek.kq djkj dks vey esa ykus ds ckjs esa lcls cM+h ck/kk ijek.kq ÅtkZ ukxfjd mÙkjnkf;Ro
vf/kfu;e dk mica/k
17 FkkA bl /kkjk esa izko/kku gS fd ijek.kq midj.kksa ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa dksbZ =klnh gksrh gS rks ijek.kq la;a= midj.k vkiwfrZdrkZ daiuh dks uqdlku dh HkjikbZ djuh gksxhA
bl Øe esa Hkkjr dh nqfo/kk ;g Fkh fd ;gka lHkh ijek.kq la;a=ksa dk lapkyu ljdkjh daiuh Hkkjrh; ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ fuxe djrh gS] ,sls esa varjkZ"Vªh; fu;eksa dk ikyu djus dk eryc Fkk nq?kZVuk dh fLFkfr esa ljdkj dks eqvkots dh vnk;xhA
bl ckjs esa la;qDr :i ls rhu vU; ?kks"k.kki=ksa dks Hkh tkjh fd;k x;kA  buesa
(1) fe=rk dk fnYyh ?kks"k.k i=
(2) ,f'k;k&iz'kkar {ks= ds fy, la;qDr lkefjd fotu vkSj
(3) Hkkjrh; fgan egklkxj {ks= ls tqM+s gSaA
fnYyh ?kks"k.kk
^pysa lkFk&lkFk* vkSj lk>k iz;kl] lcdk fodklA nks egku yksdra=ksa dh lqn`<+ fe=rk vkSj nksuksa ns'kksa ds laca/kksa dks O;kidrk nsus okyh ?kks"k.kk ds lkFk iqjkuh jktuhfrd lk>snkjh dks c<+kus ij lger gq, gSaA bl ?kks"k.kki= ds varxZr&
?kks"k.kk esa l{ke xousZal vkSj ekSfyd Lora=rkvksa ds tfj, turk ds fy, leku volj dkA
f}i{kh; j{kk laca/kksa dks etcwr cukus ds egRo dkA
,d eqDr] U;k;iw.kZ lrr vkSj lekos'kh fu;e vk/kkfjr fo'o O;oLFkk dkA
lrr lekos'kh fodkl dk gekjs nks ns'kksa rFkk fo'o ij iM+us okys ykHkdkjh izHkko dkA
jk"Vªh;] f}i{kh; vkSj cgqi{kh; iz;klksa ls tyok;q ifjorZu ds izHkko dks lekIr djus vkSj u, mik;ksa dks viukus dk egRo dkA
jkstxkj l`tu] lekos'kh fodkl rFkk vk; c<+kus okyh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dk ewy dsanz dkA
nwljh ftl ckr ij lokZf/kd /;ku fn;k x;k og ,f'k;k&iz'kkar vkSj fgan egklkxj {ks= ds fy, nksuksa dk la;qDr j.kuhfrd fotu gSA  nksuksa ns'kksa us ekuk gS fd bu {ks=ksa esa 'kkafr] le`f) ,oa fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vesfjdk ,oa Hkkjr ds chp vkSj T;knk ?kfu"B lk>snkjh vR;ar t:jh gSA lkefjd n`f"V ls ;g cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ ?kVukØe gSA
Hkkjr&tkiku&vesfjdk f=i{kh; eaf=Lrjh; okrkZ
29 flracj] 2015 dks okf'kaxVu esa Hkkjr&tkiku&vesfjdk ds f=i{kh; eaf=Lrjh; lEesyu laiUu gqvkA bl lEesyu dk mís'; Fkk fd nf{k.k phu lkxj esa fcuk :dkoV ukSokgu dh Lora=rk gksuh pkfg, rkfd okf.kT; dks c<+kok fn;k tk ldsA rhuksa i{kksa us iz'kkar egklkxj esa vius&vius ns'kksa ds fgrksa dh c<+rh egÙkk ij Hkh izdk'k MkykA rhuksa i{kksa us nf{k.k phu lkxj lfgr fdlh Hkh fookn dks varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu ds vuqlkj 'kkafriw.kZ lek/kku ds egRo dks js[kkafdr fd;kA lkFk gh iz'kkar {ks= esa lqj{kk ds eqís dks lqy>kus esa bldh Hkwfedk ij cy fn;kA Hkkjr] tkiku vkSj vesfjdk ds e/; ;g eaf=Lrjh; lEesyu fuf'pr gh egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd blls igys bl izdkj ds f=i{kh; lEesyu milfpo Lrjh; gksrh FkhA
fookn
nf{k.k phu lkxj esa blds {ks= dks ysdj iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds
e/; fookn gS vkSj phu nf{k.k phu lkxj ij viuk vf/kdkj trkrk gSA phu }kjk nf{k.k phu lkxj esa }hi ¼vkbySaM½ dk Hkh fuekZ.k fd;k tk jgk gS tks fd varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku gSA
Hkkjr ds fy, bl lEesyu dk egRo
¼1½ Hkkjr ^,DV bZLV* ikWfylh ds rgr iwohZ ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa ds lkFk csgrj laca/k LFkkfir djuk pkgrk gSA
¼2½ Hkkjr bl {ks= esa 'kkafr] LFkkf;Ro] vkSj le`f) dh LFkkiuk pkgrk gSA
¼3½ Hkkjr dh ÅtkZ vkSj oLrq O;kikj dk ,d cM+k fgLlk ,f'k;k iz'kkar ds egRoiw.kZ leqnzh ekxksaZ ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA
¼4½ Hkkjr us ges'kk ls leqnzh ekxksaZ esa ukSogu dh Lora=rk dk leFkZu djrk gS D;ksafd Hkkjr varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu dk ikyu djus okyk jk"Vª gSA
ikd vkSj vesfjdk
vesfjdk us 8 vizSy] 2015 dks ikfdLrku dks yxHkx ,d vjc MkWyj ds yM+kdw gsyhdkWIVj] felkby vkSj nwljs j{kk midj.k cspus dks eatwjh nhA izLrkfor fcØh vesfjdk dh fons'kuhfr vkSj jk"Vªh; lqj{kk dk fgLlk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls vefjdk dh fons'k uhfr vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vkSj Hkh etcwr gksxhA
ekykckj ukSlSfud vH;kl % lkefjd egÙkk
19 vDVwcj] 2015 dks caxky dh [kkM+h esa laiUu gq, ukSlSfud vH;kl ekykckj&15 dk fo'ks"k j.kuhfrd egRo gSA ekykckj ukSlSfud vH;kl ewyr% Hkkjr rFkk la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk }kjk la;qDr :i ls fd;k tkus okyk okf"kZd ukSlSfud vH;kl gSA bldh 'kq:vkr 1992 ls gqbZ 1998 esa ;g can gks x;k iqu% 2002 esa gh izkjaHk gks ik;kA
;g ;q)kH;kl ,f'k;k&iz'kkar {ks= esa cnyrs j.kuhfrd lehdj.kksa ds mnkgj.k ds :i esa ppkZ dk fo"k; cukA ekykckj ukSlSfud vH;kl egRoiw.kZ gS fd blesa tkiku us Hkkx fy;k rFkk ;g Hkkjrh; rV caxky dh [kkM+h esa gqvkA nf{k.k phu lkxj esa tkiku rFkk phu ds chp ruko dh fLFkfr rFkk tkiku }kjk viuh 'kkafroknh lSfud uhfr;ksa esa ifjorZu dh ?kks"k.kk ds lanHkZ esa ;g ukSlSfud vH;kl fo'ks"k :i ls egRoiw.kZ gSA
bldk egRo
¼1½ vesfjdk ds fy, phu dh c<+rh 'kfDr dks ,f'k;k iz'kkar {ks= esa iqu% larqfyr djuk eq[; mís'; gSA
¼2½ Hkkjr ds fy, bl {ks= esa leqnzh lapkj ekxksaZ dh lqj{kk egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ;s Hkkjr ds ckâ O;kikj dh thou js[kk gSA
¼3½ tkiku us fgan egklkxj ,oa iz'kkar egklkxj {ks= esa Lora=rk le`f) ij cy fn;k gSA
¼4½ Hkkjr dh iwoZ dh vksj ns[kks uhfr ¼yqd bZLV ikWfylh½ ;w,l, dk iquZlarqyu dk iz;kl rFkk tkiku dh nf{k.k phu lkxj esa Lora=rkiwoZd ukSpkyu laaca/kh fpark,a varlZacaf/kr gSA
:l
1990 esa USSR ds 15 VqdM+s gq,
ckfYVd {ks= % fyFkokfu;k] ykVfo;k] ,LVksfu;k ¼ukVks lnL;½
dSfLi;u {ks= % vtjcstku] vkehZfu;k] tkWftZ;k] eYMksvk ¼;wjksi rd igqapus dk ekxZ] BTC ikbiykbu½ Oil & Gas
e/; ,f'k;k % dtkfdLrku] fdxhZLrku] rqdZesfuLrku] mTcsfdLrku] rkftfdLrku ¼rsy vkSj xSl dk {ks=½
Lyko {ks=& :l] csyk:l] ;wØsu
:l dh lkefjd fLFkfr etcwr Fkh ysfdu vkfFkZd fLFkfr csgn detksj Fkh ml fLFkfr esa :l us ukVks ds lkFk laf/k dh vksj if'pe dh vksj ns[kks uhfr dk ikyu fd;k vesfjdk ds lkeus leL;k Fkh fd ;fn oks lgk;rk djrk gS rks :l iqu% etcwr gks tk,xk rFkk vxj lgk;rk ugha djrk gS rks ;g Mj Fkk fd dgha :l vius ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dks u csp ns rc vesfjdk us lhfer lgk;rk dh uhfr dks Lohdkj fd;k rFkk :l dks enn djuk izkjaHk dj fn;kA
ysfdu iqfru 2000 esa :l iqu% etcwr gksrk gS ,oa ;g if'pe dh vksj ns[kks uhfr dks R;kx dj iwoZ dh vksj ns[kks uhfr dks Lohdkj djrk gS rFkk phu tSls ns'kksa dk lg;ksxh curk gSA
:l iqu% igys dh rjg etcwr gqvk vkSj dbZ eqíksa ij geus ns[kk fd mlus lh/ks vesfjdk ds le{k pqukSfr;ka is'k dh tSls 2008 esa tkWftZ;k :l >M+i esa vesfjdk dh Hkwfedk Fkh ysfdu :l ds lkFk fojks/k ds dkj.k tkWftZ;k dks ukVks esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k FkkA
fØfe;k o ;wØsu fookn% ;g eqík 2014 esa mHkjk ftlesa fØfe;k us ;wØsu ls vyx gksdj :l ds lkFk feyus dh bPNk trkbZA fØfe;k esa tuer laxzg gqvk vkSj fØfe;k ds yksxksa us :l ls feyus dh bPNk trkbZ o bl bPNk dks :l us Lohdkj dj fy;kA ckn esa ;wØsu us dgk fd ;fn fØfe;k vyx gksdj :l esa tqM+rk gS rks ;wØsu ukVks dk lnL; cu tk,xkA ftlds ckn ;g fookn lekIr gqvkA

Hkkjr&:l
Hkkjr&:l okf"kZd f'k[kj okrkZ ds ckn nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp dbZ le>kSrksa ij gLrk{kj fd, x,A lcls vge le>kSrs ds rgr :l] Hkkjr esa ,d vR;k/kqfud gsfydkWIVj cukus dk dkj[kkuk yxk,xkA blds dyiqtsZ Hkh Hkkjr esa gh cusaxsA Hkkjr&:l fj'rk cgqr izkphu gS blfy, :l dbZ n'kdksa ls Hkkjr dk vxz.kh j{kk lg;ksxh Hkh jgk gSA
Hkkjr vkSj :l ds usrkvksa ds chp okrkZ ds ckn fMQsal ls ysdj Mk;eaM {ks= rd esa dbZ le>kSrs gq,A :l 2035 rd Hkkjr esa tgka 12 ijek.kq fj,DVj yxk,xk ogha ns'k esa vR;k/kqfud gsfydkWIVj dk fuekZ.k Hkh djsxkA nksuksa ns'kksa us vius j.kuhfrd lg;ksx dks vkSj xfr nsus ds fy, rsy] xSl] j{kk fuos'k vkSj vU; izeq[k {ks=ksa esa 20 le>kSrksa ij gLrk{kj fd, x;s gSaA eksnh dh egRokdka{kh ^esd bu bafM;k* ;kstuk esa Hkh gkFk caVkus ds fy, :l us lgefr ns nhA
Hkkjr vkSj :l us rsy o xSl ifj'kks/ku dh fn'kk esa lk>snkjh c<+kus dk QSlyk fd;k gSA blds vykok dqMudqye U;wfDy;j IykaV dh rjg gh nwljh ;wfuV yxkus ds fy, Hkh Hkkjr us lgefr ns nhA blds lkFk gh la;qDr mPp izkS|ksfxdh ifj;kstukvksa esa Hkh Hkkjr dh lgk;rk djsaxsA
Hkkjr :l le>kSrs
(1)   Hkkjr dh ,Llkj rFkk :l dh jkstusV us dPps rsy dh nh?kZdkyhu vkiwfrZ ds fy, le>kSrs fd, ftlds rgr Hkkjr 10 lky rd rsy [kjhnsxkA
(2) vkfFkZd ekspsZ ij nksuksa i{k f}i{kh; O;kikj ds fy, jk"Vªh; eqnzkvksa esa Hkqxrku dks c<+kok nsus ij lger gq,A
(3) gkbMªksdkcZu ikbiykbu ds fuekZ.k dh laHkkouk dk v/;;u djsaxsA nksuksa i{k ,d&nwljs ns'k rFkk rhljs ns'k esa isVªksjlk;u ifj;kstukvksa esa Hkkx ysus dh laHkkoukvksa ij lger gq,A
(4) izkS|ksfxdh mRiknksa ds la;qDr :i ls fMtkbu] fodkl] fofuekZ.k rFkk foi.ku c<+kus dk Hkh fu.kZ; fy;kA  fo'ks"k :i ls bl izdkj dk lg;ksx varfj{k {ks=] j{kk izkS|ksfxdh] foekuu] u, lkexzh lapkj ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa gksxkA
(5) varjkZ"Vªh; mÙkj nf{k.k ifjogu xfy;kjk le; vkSj eky <qykbZ esa deh ykdj f}i{kh; O;kikj dh n{krk esa mYys[kuh; lq/kkj yk ldrk gSA xfy;kjk bZjku ds jkLrs xqtjsxkA
orZeku Hkkjr&:l laca/k
Hkkjr vkSj :l ds fe=or~ laca/k igys tSls ugha jgs gSaA ;g og Øk;kstsfud batu u feyus rFkk foeku okgd iksr ¼,Mfejy xks'dkso½ vkbZ- ,u- ,l- foØekfnR; ds nkSjku ns[k pqdk gSA
orZeku esa Hkh :l o Hkkjr }kjk la;qDr :i ls fodflr fd, tk jgs ikapoha ih<+h ds ;q)d foeku PAKFA rFkk T-50 dks ysdj nksuksa esa vlgefr gSA
Hkkjr vk/kqfudre vkSj ijaijkxr 'kL=ksa esa ikd ls cgqr vkxs gS blfy, bu nksuksa dh fe=rk ls Hkkjr ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+sxkA
orZeku fo'o esa oSpkfjd eqís ihNs gks pqds gSa tcfd lSU; mRikn fu;kZr okf.kfT;d ykHkksa ls vf/kd tqM+ x;s gSaA tSls&2013 esa btjk;y }kjk vesfjdh lSU; izkS|ksfxdh phu dks cspk tkuk rFkk vHkh gky gh esa :l ds lkFk Hkkjr us 5-400 ,aVh cSysfLVd felkby dk le>kSrk fd;k gS tks phu igys [kjhn pqdk FkkA
:l phu dks viuh rduhdh dBksj 'krksaZ ds lkFk csprk gS D;ksafd phu bUgsa ikfdLrku dks csp nsrk gSA blfy, t:jh gS Hkkjr bu eqíksa ij /;ku nsA
ikfdLrku rFkk :l utnhdh
vxLr 2015 esa :l us ikd dks pkj MI-35M ¼fg.MbZ½ vVSd gsfydkWIVj cspus ds izk:i le>kSrksa ij gLrk{kj fd;s gSaA
1990 ds ckn Hkkjr if'peh ns'ksa ds utnhd vk;k rks :l dh phu o ikd ls fudVrk gqbZA 2014 esa ikfdLrku ij yxs izfrca/kksa dks ¼'kL= fu;kZr½ dks gVk fy;kA
:l }kjk ikfdLrku dks nh xbZ lgk;rk
:l ikfdLrku dks ;q) gsfydkWIVj fu;kZr dj jgk gSA
mÙkj&nf{k.k ikbZiykbu ds fuekZ.k esa nks vjc MkWyj fuos'k dj jgk gSA
ikfdLrku o phu ds }kjk la;qDr :i ls fufeZr ts,Q&17 ;q)d foeku ds fy, 93 fdyekWo vkj-Mh- batu :l }kjk ikd dks fu;kZr d, tk,axsA
nksuksa ds chp esa lq[kksbZ ,l;w&35 ;q)d foeku ds lkSns dks ysdj fookn py jgk gSA
Hkfo"; ds fy, lg;ksx
:l] rtkfdLrku o fdfxZLrku dh lh-,-,l-,-&1000 ÅtkZ ifj;kstuk ls tqM+us dk bPNqd gS ftlds }kjk vQxkfuLrku rFkk ikfdLrku dks fo|qr vkiwfrZ dh tk,xhA
ikfdLrku] :l ds izHkqRo okys ;wjsf'k;u bdksuksfeDl ;wfu;u ¼bZ;w½ ds lkFk eqDr O;kikj dk bPNqd gSA
:l- phu vkSj ikfdLrku bdksuksfeDl dksfjMkWj ls tqM+us dk bPNqd gSA
bl f=dks.k esa lÅnh vjc Hkh Hkfo"; esa tqM+ ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g vesfjdk o bZjku dh c<+rh utnhfd;ksa dk fojks/kh gSA tSls&vHkh gky gh esa lÅnh vjc dh :l esa] 10 vjc MkWyu fuos'k dh ;kstuk gS rFkk :l lÅnh vjc dks VsfDVdy bLdanj felkby cspus dk bPNqd gSA
:l o ikd dh utnhdh ds dkj.k
• 2011 ls ikfdLrku o vesfjdk dh nwfj;ka c<+ukA
ikfdLrku us dfcykbZ bykdksa esa Nqis vkradokfn;ksa ij dk;Zokgh dh ftlesa pspU;k ds fonzksgh Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
ikfdLrku dh vc fLFkfr Hkw&j.kuhfrd {ks= gS D;ksafd vQxkfuLrku e/; ,f'k;k ds utnhd gSA
:l dh orZeku fLFkfr
Øhfe;k ladV ds ckn :l ij if'peh ns'kksa us izfrca/k yxk;s ftlls mldks uqdlku gqvk D;ksafd :l dk fons'kh O;kikj 2015 ds izkjafHkd dqN eghuksa esa gh 30% fxj pqdk gSA ftldk izeq[k bZ;w ds lkFk O;kikfjd frgkbZ de gksuk gSA
;wØsu ladV ls iwoZ rsy 102 MkWyj izfr cSjy Fkk tks vkt 40 MkWyj@cSjy ls Hkh de gSA
:l ikfdLrku ds ek/;e ls u'ks ds O;kikj dks Hkh jksduk pkgrk gSA
Hkkjr&vesfjdk laca/k vkSj :l
dkQh yacs le; ls Hkkjr dk >qdko :l ds i{k esa jgk gS] ysfdu gky ds n'kdksa esa Hkkjr ds fj'rs vesfjdk ls Hkh csgrj gq, gSaA ekStwnk ekgkSy esa Hkkjr tSls cM+s ns'k ds fy, vesfjdk vkSj :l nksuksa ls gh laca/k csgrj cukuk t:jh gSA
:l dh vko';drk
vkt dh j{kk midj.kksa ds ekeys esa :l dks c<+r gkfly gSA ,sls esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp j{kk laca/kksa dks vkSj vkxs ys tkuk vko';d gSA ,aVh&cSfyLVhd felkby fMQsal flLVe] lcejhu VsDuksykWth vkfn rduhd ds fygkt ls dkQh mÙke fdLe ds gSaA U;wfDy;j rduhd] Lisl vkSj Øk;kstsfud batu ds fodkl esa :l dk lg;ksx vko';d jgk gSA
ikfdLrku :l xSl ikbiykbu le>kSrk
16 vDVwcj] 2015 dks ikfdLrku vkSj :l us ykgkSj ls djkaph rd xSl ikbiykbu cukus ds fy, ,d varjljdkjh le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd,A bl le>kSrs ds rgr :l igys pj.k ds fy, tks fd o"kZ 2017 rd iwjk gksxk] esa 2 fcfy;u MkWyj dk fuos'k djsxkA ;g xSl ikbiykbu 1100 fdeh- yack gksxk ftlds }kjk 12.4 fcfy;u D;wfcd ehVj xSl izfr o"kZ ykgkSj ls djkaph Hkstk tk ldsxkA ;g ifj;kstuk rhu pj.kksa esa iwjh gksxhA bl ifj;kstuk ij lgefr mQk esa 'ka?kkbZ lg;ksx laxBu ds lEesyu ds nkSjku cuh FkhA ikfdLrku :l ds lkFk fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa lg;ksx dks c<+kuk pkgrk gS ftlesa O;kikj] j{kk ÅtkZ] vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk] laLd`fr vkfn 'kkfey gS

iz/kkuea=h dh teZuh ;k=k
iz/kkuea=h dh teZuh ;k=k (12-14 vizSy] 2015) ds nkSjku Hkkjr vkSj teZuh vius O;kolkf;d laca/kksa dks c<+kok nsus ij lger gq,A teZuh us Hkkjr dks bathfu;fjax] uohurk vkSj dkS'ky fodkl esa lgk;rk djus dk oknk fd;kA Hkkjr us Hkh teZuh ds Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kus ds fy, esd bu bafM;k] fMftVy bafM;k vkSj vU; igyksa }kjk Hkkjr esa csgrj O;kolkf;d ekgkSy cukus gsrq lgefr nhA nksuksa ns'k tyok;q ifjorZu] ÅtkZ rFkk [kk| lqj{kk tSlh oSf'od pqukSfr;kas dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, feydj dk;Z djsaxsA
lgefr ds {ks= %
¼1½ fofuekZ.k ¼2½ dkS'ky fodkl] ¼3½ 'kgjh fodkl] ¼4½ i;kZoj.k] ¼5½ ufn;ksa dks LoPN djuk] ¼6½ f'k{kk rFkk Hkk"kk] ¼7½ foKku o izkS|ksfxdh
teZu pkalyj dh Hkkjr ;k=k
teZuh pkalyj ,atsyk edsZy dh ;k=k (4-6 vDVwcj) ds nkSjku 18 ,evks;w ij gLrk{kj fd,A ftldk mís'; vf/kd ls vf/kd teZu daifu;ksa dks Hkkjr ljdkj dh egRokdka{kh ^esd bu bafM;k* igy ls tksM+us vkSj egRoiw.kZ rjhds ls Hkkjr esa fuos'k djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djuk gSA teZuh us Hkkjr dh lkSj ÅtkZ ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, ,d vjc ;wjks dh lgk;rk iznku djus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
djkj&
1. Hkkjr&teZuh vkSj ÅtkZ lk>snkjh
2. lqj{kk lg;ksx ij
3. foekuu lqj{kk ij
4. vkink izca/ku ds {ks= esa
5. Hkkjr&teZuh foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh dsanz
6. mPp f'k{kk esa
7. jsyos ds {ks= esa lg;ksx ds fy,
Hkkjr&teZuh ijLij dkuwuh lgk;rk laf/k
teZuh us Hkkjr ds lkFk ijLij dkuwuh lgk;rk laf/k ij gLrk{kj djus esa vleFkZrk tkfgj dh gSA teZuh ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa t?kU;
vijk/kksa vkSj vkradoknh xfrfof/k ds fy, ^ekSr dh ltk* dk izko/kku gSA Hkkjr us vesfjdk lfgr dqy
39 ns'kksa ds lkFk ijLij dkuwuh lgk;rk laf/k ij gLrk{kj fd;k gSA teZuh igyk ,slk gS ftlus ^ekSr dh ltk* dh izko/kku ds vk/kkj ij bl laf/k ij gLrk{kj djus ls badkj dj fn;kA ijLij dkuwuh lgk;rk laf/k ,d le>kSrk gS] ftlds varxZr ,d ns'k nwljs ns'k ds lkFk vijk/k vkSj flfoy dkuwu dks ykxw djus ds fy, lwpukvksa dk vnku&iznku djrs gSaA Hkkjr vkSj teZuh ds e/; o"kZ 2007 ls gh ijLij dkuwuh lgk;rk laf/k ij okrkZ tkjh Fkh] vc teZuh us bl laf/k ij gLrk{kj djus ls badkj dj fn;k gSA teZuh us ^ekSr dh ltk* ds izko/kku ds vk/kkj ij bl le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj ugha fd;kA
Hkkjr vkSj teZuh lkbcj vkradh geyksa dks jksdus esa ,d nwljs dk lg;ksx djsaxsA teZuh viuh j.kuhfr esa lkbcj vijk/kksa dks cgqr xaHkhjrk ls ys jgk gS vkSj ljdkjh laLFkkuksa] m|eksa rFkk laxBuksa dks lkbcj geys ls cpkus dh O;ogkfjd j.kuhfr fodflr djus vkSj mlds fy, lajpukRed <kapk cukus dk iz;kl dj jgk gSA
Hkkjr&Ýkal
Hkkjr vkSj Ýkal us f}i{kh; laca/kksa dks u;k vk;ke nsrs gq, 10 vizSy] 2015 dks 17 le>kSrs fd,A ;g le>kSrk iz/kkuea=h dh Ýkal ;k=k ¼9 vizSy&12 vizSy] 2015 ½ ds nkSjku gqvkA lkFk gh ijek.kq le>kSrk lesr jsyos] varfj{k vkfn ds {ks= esa vge djkj 'kkfey gSaA Ýkal us Hkkjr esa nks vjc ;wjks dk fuos'k djus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA lHkh le>kSrksa esa jkQsy yM+kdw foeku [kjhnus dk QSlyk egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkkjr ljdkj us lh/ks Ýkal ljdkj ls 36 jkQsy yM+kdw foeku [kjhn laca/kh le>kSrk laiUu dj] Hkkjrh; ok; lsuk dks etcwrh nsus dk dke fd;k gSA
Ýkalhlh daiuh nklkSYV ,fo,'ku (Dassault Aviation) Hkkjr esa jkQsy fuekZ.k dh laHkkouk dks ryk'ksxhA blls Hkkjr ds esd bu bafM;k vfHk;ku dks Hkh cy feysxkA nwljk egRoiw.kZ le>kSrk ijek.kq le>kSrk gS ftlds varxZr tSriqj esa Ýkal dh daiuh ,sjsck dh lgk;rk ls Ng ijek.kq la;a= 'kq: gksaxsA bu la;a=ksa ls Hkkjr esa 10 gtkj esxkokV fctyh dk mRiknu gksxkA
eq[; le>kSrs
ijek.kq ÅtkZ laacaf/kr le>kSrk % tSriqj ¼egkjk"Vª½ ifj;kstuk dh foÙkh; O;ogk;Zrk esa lq/kkj ds fy, LFkkuh;dj.k esa o`f) ds ek/;e ls ykxr esa dVkSrh djuk gSA Hkkjr esa izkS|ksfxdh dk varj.k rFkk ns'kt ijek.kq ÅtkZ dk fodkl Hkh laHko gksxkA
varfj{k % mixzg nwj laosnh] mixzg lapkj rFkk mixzg ekSle foKku vkfn tSls {ks=ksa esa lg;ksx dk izLrkoA
vkfFkZd laca/k % Hkkjr ljdkj ds uohu ,oa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ea=ky; vkSj Ýkal ljdkj ds ikfjfLFfrdh] laiks"k.kh; fodkl ,oa ÅtkZ ea=ky; ds chp uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ds {ks= esa lg;ksx ds fy, le>kSrkA bl le>kSrs ls ijLij ykHk ,oa ikjLifjdrk ds vk/kkj ij rduhd dfeZ;ksa ds vknku&iznku ,oa izf'k{k.kA blds vykok Hkkjrh; jsy ,oa Ýkal dh jk"Vªh; jsyos ds chp le>kSrkA bl le>kSrs ds rgr lseh gkbZ LihM jsy rFkk LVs'ku ds th.kksZ)kj ds fy, Hkkjr vkSj Ýkal ds chp lg;ksx dh LFkkiukA ÅtkZ djkj ds rgr Ýkal }kjk ,uthZ bfQfl,alh lfoZl fyfeVsM dks foÙk iksf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,xkA
laLd`fr % Ýkal ds fojklr ds {ks= esa vfHkj{kdksa ,oa izca/kdksa ds fy, izf'k{k.k rFkk Hkkjr ds fojklr ,oa laj{k.k ls tqM+s is'ksojksa dk izf'k{k.kA

iz/kkuea=h dh fczVsu ;k=k
iz/kkuea=h 12-14 uoacj rd fczVsu dh rhu fnolh; ;k=k ij jgsA bl nkSjku nksuksa ns'kksa ds e/; egRoiw.kZ vlSU; ijek.kq le>kSrs laiUu gq,A Hkkjr us ftl ukxfjd ijek.kq le>kSrksa ij gLrk{kj fd;k gS] og ikap o"kZ ds ckn gqvk gSA ;k=k ds nkSjku fczVsu us la;qDr jk"Vª lqj{kk ifj"kn esa Hkkjr dh LFkk;h lnL;rk dh nkosnkjh dk leFkZu fd;kA bl ;k=k ds nkSjku ftuesa Ng egRoiw.kZ le>kSrs gq,A ¼1½ nwjlapkj] ¼2½ lkSj ÅtkZ] ¼3½ fuos'k] ¼4½ LoPN ÅtkZ] ¼5½ gsYFk ds;j] ¼6½ LVkWd ,Dlpsat] ¼7½ varfj{k gSaA nksuksa ns'kksa us yanu ds cktkj esa jsyos :i;k ckaM tkjh djus ij Hkh lgefr trkbZA
iz/kkuea=h dh vkWLVªsfy;k ;k=k
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nksuksa usrkvksa ds chp fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa ikap le>kSrksa ij gLrk{kj fd, x, tks fuEuor gSa%
(1) lkekftd lqj{kk ij le>kSrk
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(3) rLdjh ls fuiVus vkSj iqfyl lg;ksx fodflr djus ij lgefr i=
(4) dyk vkSj laLd`fr ds {ks= esa lg;ksx ij lgefr i=
(5) i;ZVu ds {ks= esa lgefr i=

Hkkjr&dukMk lg;ksx
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Hkkjr&nf{k.k dksfj;k laca/k etcwr cukus gsrq le>kSrk
iz/kkuea=h dh nf{k.k dksfj;k dh nks fnolh; (18-19 ebZ) ;k=k ds nkSjku Hkkjr vkSj nf{k.k dksfj;k us f}i{kh; laca/kksa dks etcwr cukus ds fy, lkr le>kSrksa ij gLrk{kj fd,A blesa nksgjs djk/kku cpko laf/k vkSj nksuksa ns'kksa dh jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ifj"knksa ds e/; vkSipkfjd fopkj foe'kZ le>kSrk 'kkfey gSaA nksuksa ns'kksa us JO;&n`'; dk;ZØeksa ds lk>k fuekZ.k ij Hkh lgefr trkbZA bl ckjs esa Hkkjr&nf{k.k dksfj;k O;kid vkfFkZd Hkkxhnkjh le>kSrs (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, CEPA) ds rgr le>kSrk fd;k x;kA
bysfDVªd fctyh fodkl rFkk u, ÅtkZ m|ksx ds {ks= esa lg;ksx ds fy, fctyh ,oa O;kikj] m|ksx ea=ky; rFkk nf{k.k dksfj;k ds ÅtkZ ea=ky; ds chp lgefr i= ij gLrk{kj fd, x,A le>kSrs esa v{k; ÅtkZ] LekVZ fxzM rFkk fctyh ls lac) lwpuk ,oa izkS|ksfxdh] ikjs"k.k] ,oa forj.k] ÅtkZ n{krk ,oa HkaMkj.k iz.kkyh ds {ks= esa lg;ksx ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA




Supreme Court of India



Supreme Court
Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal. According to the Constitution of India, the role of the Supreme Court is that of a federal court and guardian of the Constitution.
Composition of Supreme Court
Under Article 124(1) the constitution originally provided for 1 Chief Justice of India and not more than 6 other judges. The constitution authorizes the Parliament to provide by law in fixing the Strength of the Supreme Court. The Parliament passed the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) thus accordingly, a Constitutional Amendment Act in 2008 has increased the strength of Supreme Court to 31 (1 Chief Justice + 30 other judges).
Qualification to be a judge of Supreme Court
1. A person must be a citizen of India
2. He/she must have been, for at least five years, a Judge of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession
3. Or an Advocate of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession for at least ten years
4. Or the person must be, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.
Appointment of Judges of Supreme Court
While appointing the Chief Justice of India the President may consult such judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts as he deems considers it necessary. Thus this clause does not impose any binding on President.
However, while appointing the other Judges of Supreme Court the President shall consult the Chief Justice of India and such other judges of Supreme Court as he may deem it necessary. The President is thus constitutionally obliged to consult the Chief Justice of India.
Regarding the appointment of judges in Supreme Court, the Supreme Court in SP Gupta Vs Union of India 1982 case held that the opinion of the Chief Justice of India expressed under Article 124(2), 217(1) and 222(1) was not binding on the President. It was more consultation with the Chief Justice of India.
However the consultation with the Chief Justice of India shall be effective i.e. all the material facts relating to the persons who are under consideration for appointment as judges shall be made available to the Chief Justice of India. The court also ruled that a judge of the High Court can be transferred from one High Court to another even without his consent.
However in a landmark judgment the Supreme Court in SCARA Vs Union of India 1993 case overruled its earlier decision and explicitly stated the process of appointment of the judges of Supreme Court.
1. The apex court held that the opinion expressed by Chief Justice of India in all the above cases is not his personal opinion but should be considered as the opinion of the entire judiciary. Therefore, the opinion expressed by the Chief Justice of India under the above three articles shall enjoy primacy.
2. The Chief Justice of India is the sole authority to initiate the process of appointing the judges of Supreme Court.
3. He shares his authority with the Chief Justice of respective High Courts in appointment and transfer of judges of High Courts.
4. However the Chief Justice of India while forming his opinion shall consult at least two of the senior most judges of the Supreme Court. Such consultations with the other judges shall be formal and in the form of writing.
5. If the President refers the opinion of the Chief Justice of India for his reconsideration with a cogent reasons, then any opinion expressed by the Chief Justice of India after such reconsiderations shall be binding on the President.
6. The Chief Justice of India shall follow the consultation process once again while reconsidering his opinion. Thus the Judiciary emerged as the most important authority in the appointment of the judges.
The Supreme Court in the Re appointment of Judges 1998 act further clarified the legal position on this issue. The Supreme Court stated that:
The opinion of the Chief Justice of India does not constitute consultation under these three articles i.e. Article 124(2), 217(1) and 222(1).He shall have to consult collegiums of Judges while forming his opinion.
In case of appointment of the Judges of Supreme Court and in the transfer of the High Court judges the Chief Justice of India shall consult at least four of the senior most judges of the Supreme Court.
While appointing the judges of the High Courts he shall consult at least two of the senior most Judges of the Supreme Courts.
While appointing and transferring the Judges of High Courts in addition of consulting the senior judges of Supreme Courts.
The Chief Justice of India should also consult the Chief Justice of the respective High Courts.

Jurisdictions of Supreme Court

Original jurisdiction
The court has exclusive original jurisdiction over any dispute between the Government of India and one or more States or between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other or between two or more States.
Article 32 of the Constitution grants an extensive original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court inregard to enforcement of Fundamental Rights. It is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of hab eas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari to enforce them.
Appellate jurisdiction
The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court can be invoked by a certificate granted by the High Court concerned under Articles 132(1), 133(1) or 134 of the Constitution in respect of any judgment, decree or final order of a High Court in both civil and criminal cases, involving substantial questions of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution.
The Supreme Court can also grant special leave under article 136(1) to appeal from a judgment or order of any non-military Indian court.
Parliament has the power to enlarge the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and has exercised this power in case of criminal appeals by enacting the Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Act, 1970.
Appeals also lie to the Supreme Court in civil matters if the High Court concerned certifies



Advisory jurisdiction

The Supreme Court has special advisory jurisdiction in matters which may specifically be referred to it by the President of India under Article 143 of the Constitution.

Removal of judges of Supreme Court
Article 124(4) provides for the removal of a judge of the Supreme Court. He is removed by the President upon an address by both the Houses of the Parliament supported by a majority of not less than 2/3rd of members present and voting and a majority of total strength of the House on the ground of misbehavior or incapacity. The President shall pass the order of removal in the same session in which the Parliament
passed the resolution.
Article 124(5) confers the power on the Parliament to provide by law for the procedure for the Presentation of an address and for the investigation for proof of misbehavior or incapacity of a judge. Accordingly the Parliament passed Judges (Inquiry) Act 1968 which states that a resolution seeking the removal of a judge of Supreme Court can be introduced in either House of Parliament.
It should be supported by not less than 100 member of Lok Sabha.
If it is to be introduced in Rajya Sabha it should be supported by no less than 50 members of Rajya Sabha.
Once the resolution is initiated in either house of the parliament, the presiding officer of that House shall appoint a three member Judicial Committee to investigate into charges and provide proof of misbehavior or incapacity.
The judicial committee shall be headed by a serving judge of the Supreme Court. Second member can be a serving judge of the High Court and the third member can be an eminent jurist.
The Supreme Court in the Sub-Committee on Judicial Accountability Vs Union of India 1992 case held that the judges (inquiry) Act is constitutionally valid as it merely regulates the powers of the Parliament.
The Court divided the entire process of removal of a judge into two parts mainly Judicial Act and Political Act. Whenever the authority concerned does not enjoy discretionary power it is called Judiciary act and the judge concerned does not enjoy the right to be heard in such cases.
The judicial parts consist of:
1. The presiding officer appointing a three member judicial committee.
2. Judicial committee investigating the charges.
3. The President passing the order of removal of a Judge
Whereas the political parts consist of:
1. Introduction of resolution in Parliament.
2. Houses of Parliament passing the resolution.
The Court also clarified that the Parliament is not bound to pass the resolution even if the judicial committee establish proof of misbehavior or incapacity. However, if the Judicial Committee failed to provide proof of misbehavior or incapacity, the Parliament cannot take up the resolution process further.
Cases of removal of judges in India
In 1992, Justice V. Ramaswami of the Supreme Court, who was found guilty by an inquiry committee set up by the Lok Sabha Speaker, could not be removed from office because the Congress members in the House had abstained during voting, leading to the defeat of the motion seeking his removal.
In 2011, Justice Soumitra Sen of the Calcutta High Court was found guilty by the inquiry committee set up to investigate the charges against him. While the Rajya Sabha passed the motion to remove him from office, the Lok Sabha did not proceed with the debate and voting on the motion because he had, in the mean time, resigned.
In 2011, Justice Dinakaran's case sets it apart from these two earlier cases, as it is the first time a judge has been allowed to scuttle an inquiry against him by simply resigning.


Judicial Review
Judicial Review means the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts to declare a law as unconstitutional and void if it is inconsistent with any of the provisions of the constitution to the extent of such inconsistency. The power of judicial review is available to the Court not only against the legislature but also against the executive.
The concept of Judicial Review was originated USA and has been incorporated in the Indian constitution.
However the provision of Judicial Review is not explicitly mentioned in the constitution. In so far as the Fundamental Rights are concerned the Judicial Review is explicitly mentioned in Article 13 of the constitution. Further in any Democratic constitution, the government is subjected to in its functioning “The Doctrine of Limited Government”. It is this limitation on the powers of executive and Legislature that
implicitly confers the power of Judicial review on the judiciary.
The powers of Government are limited by various concepts of the constitutions such as supremacy of constitution, division of power between Centre and the State, separation of power etc.
The judiciary while declaring a law as unconstitutional and void does not suggest any remedy or alternative. It is for the government to rectify the deficiency in law as indicated by judicial pronouncement.
While applying the Judicial Review, the judiciary follows following three Principles:
1. Where there are two interpretations, where the first interpretation would make the law valid and the Second interpretation would make the law void, than the Court shall prefer the first over the second and afford the validity of law.
2. Ordinarily the Court shall not pronounce on the legal validity of the act which has not been brought into the legal enforcement.
3. Ordinarily, the Court shall not apply Judicial Review suo-motu (on their own) and shall do so only on the basis of a petition or a reference made by the authority concerned.
Significance of Judicial Review
The Judicial Review has helped in the following ways:
1. Legitimization of the Government’s actions protected by the courts of law against the undue encroachment by the government.
2. Maintaining the supremacy of the Constitution.
3. Safeguarding the Fundamental Rights
4. Maintaining the division of power between centre and State.
5. Maintaining the balance among the three organs of the State and the Rule of law.
Realizing the importance of Judicial Review the Supreme Court in Minerva Mills Vs Union of India 1980 case held that the Judicial Review is a part of basic structure of the constitution which cannot be destroyed


Public Interest Litigation

Public Interest Litigations may be defined as a litigation that seeks to protect and promote the interests of the public at large.
Public Interest Litigations is a judicial instrument. The basic purpose of which is to achieve public good.
The concept has originated in USA where it is called Social Interest Litigations. The Supreme Court of India has successfully incorporated the concept of Public Interest Litigations into Indian jurisprudence.
Justice P. N. Bhagwati and Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer were among the first judges to admit PIL's in the court.
Public Interest Litigations is purely a Judge made Law and the Judiciary derives powers to issue Public Interest Litigations from its powers of writ jurisdiction and Judicial Review.
Therefore, only the Supreme Court and High Courts enjoy the jurisdiction to issue Public Interest Litigations. The objective of the Public Interest Litigations is to provide inexpensive and speedy justice to the people and enforce the legal obligation of legislative and executive towards people and maintains the Rule of Law.
It is generally used to protect and promote the group interest and not individual’s interest for which the Fundamental Rights has been provided.

The rules relating the Public Interest Litigations have been formulated by the Supreme Court:
1. These rules include that any public spirited individual or organization can litigate before the courts under the Public Interest Litigations unless the principle of Locus Standii does not apply.
2. Further the court may waive the payment of regular court fees for litigating before it. The court may also arrange for legal aid in pursuing the case.
3. The court also clarified that even a postcard addressed to the court can be treated as a writ petition interest and Public Interest Litigations can be filed.
4. The court can address the Public Interest Litigations both against the government of states and the government of Union of India.
5. The court may provide relief in the forms of directions or orders including payment of compensation to the effected parties.
Advantages
1. The Public Interest Litigations has helped in increasing awareness among people about their own rights and the role of judiciary in protecting these rights.
2. It is primarily through Public Interest Litigations the court has expended the scope of the Fundamental Rights by interpreting them liberally.
Disadvantages
1. PIL are often misused for filing frivolous cases without investment of heavy court fees as required in private civil litigation.
2. They add to the burden on the judicial process by increasing the number of filed cases, this often overload the courts and delay the judicial processes

3. The lowering of the locus standi requirement has permitted privately motivated interests to pose as public interests.