History of Indian Post Card

            The quarter anna post card was introduced for the first time by the Indian Post Office in July 1879. This was meant to provide postage from one place to another within British India. This was the cheapest form of post provided to the Indian people to date and proved a huge success.

The establishment of a large postal system spanning India resulted in unprecedented postal access where a message on a postcard could be sent from one part of the country to another part (often to a physical address without a nearby post office) without additional postage affixed. This was followed in April 1880 by postcards meant specifically for government use and by reply post cards in 1890. The postcard facility continues to this date in Independent India.

Post Cards Elsewhere

            The private postal card was developed by John P. Charlton of Philadelphia in 1861 for which he obtained the copyright which was later transferred to H.L. Lipman. The cards were adorned with a small border and labeled "Lipman's Postal Card, Patent Applied For".  They were on the market until 1873 when the first Government Postcards appeared.

The United States issued pre-stamped postal cards in 1873.  The United States Postal Service was the only one allowed to print the cards until May 19, 1898 when Congress passed the Private Mailing Card Act which then allowed private firms to produce cards.  The private mailing cards cost one cent to mail instead of the letter rate which was two cents.  The term "Private Mailing Card" was required to be printed on cards that were not printed by the United States Postal Service.  Only the government was allowed to print the word "Postcard" on the back of postcards.  Private printers used the terms, Souvenir Card, Correspondence Cards and Mail Cards. 

Political and Nationalist Organizations

S. No.    Organization                           Place            Year             Founder

1.           Landholders Society                 Calcutta       1838             D. N. Tagore

2.           British India Society                 London         1839             William Adams

3.           British India Society                 Calcutta       1843             Social Workers

4.           British India Association          Calcutta       1851             Devendranath

5.           Madras Native Association       Madras         1852             Social workers

6.           Bombay Association                 Bombay        1852             Jagnnath Shankar

7.           London India Committee          London         1862             C. P. Mudaliar

8.           East India Association              London         1866             Dadabhai Naoroji

9.           National India Association       London         1867             Mary Carpenter

10.         Indian Society                           London         1872             Anand Mohan Bose

11.         Indian Association                    Calcutta       1876             Anand Mohan Bose and S. N. Banerjee

12.         Indian National Society            Calcutta       1883             Sisir Chandra Bose

13.         Indian National Conference     Calcutta       1883             S. N. Banerjee

14.         Madras Mahajan Sabha          Madras         1884             V. Raghavachari and S. Aiyyar

15.         Bombay Presidency                  Bombay        1885             Ferozshah Mehta and

              Association                                                                         Telang

16.         Indian National Congress        Bombay        1885             A. O. Hume

17.         United Indian Patriotic             Aligarh         1888             Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan

              Organization

18.         Servants of Indian Society       Bombay        1905             G. K. Gokhale

19.         Home Rule League                    Pune             1915             Annie Besant and Tilak

20.         U. P. Kisan Sabha                    Lucknow       1918             M. M. Malviya, Gauri Shankar and Indra Narayan

21.         Ahmedabad Textiles Labour     Ahmedabad  1918             Mahatma Gandhi

              Association

22.         National Liberal Federation     Calcutta       1918             S. N. Banerjee

23.         Communist Party of India        Tashkent      1920             M. N. Roy

24.         Servant of People Society         Lahore          1920             Lala Lajpat Rai

25.         Awadh Kisan Party                   Pratagarh     1920             J. L. Nehru, Gouri Shankar and Ramchandra

26.         Indian Trade Union Congress  Lucknow       1920             N. M. Joshi

27.         Communist Group of India       Calcutta       1921             Nalini Gupta

28.         Swaraj Party                             Delhi             1923             Motilal Nehru and C. R. Das

29.         All India Communist Party       Kanpur         1924             Satyabhbakta

30.         Rashtriya Swayam Sevek         Nagpur         1925             K. V. Hedgewar

              Sangh

31.         All India Women Conference    Madras         1927             Sadashiva Iyer

32.         Labour Swaraj Party                Calcutta       1928             Qazi Nazrul Islam

33.         Khudai Khidmatgar                  Peshwar       1929             Abdul Gaffar Khan

34.         Congress Socialist Party          Kanpur         1934             Narayan Dev and J. P. Narayan

35.         Progressive writers Group        Lucknow       1936             Premchand

36.         All India Kisan Sabh                Lucknow       1936             Sahjanand and N. G. Ranga

37.         All India Student Federation    Lucknow       1936             Minoo Masani, Asbok Mehta and Dr. Ashraf

38.         Forward Block                          Calcutta       1939             S. C. Bose

39.         Indian Bolshevik Party             Calcutta       1939             N. D. Majumdar

40.         Radical Democratic Party         Calcutta       1940             M. N. Roy

41.         Indian Bolshevik Lenin Party   Calcutta       1941             Ajit Rai and Indrasen

42.         Revolutionary Socialist Party   Calcutta       1942             S. N. Tagore

Important Socio-religious organization

S. No.    Organization                           Place            Year             Founder

1.           Atmiya Sabha                           Calcutta       1815             Raja Ram Mohan Roy

2.           Brahmo Samaj                         Calcutta       1828             Raja Ram Mohan Roy

3.           Dharma Sabha                         Calcutta       1829             Radha Kant Deo

4.           Tatvabhodhini                          Calcutta       1839             D. N. Tagore

5.           Parmahansa Mandali               Bombay        1849             Social Group

6.           Radhaswami Satsang               Agra              1861             Tulsi Ram

7.           Brahma Samaj of India            Calcutta       1866             Keshab Chandra Sen

8.           Prathna Samaj                         Bombay        1867             Atmaram Pandurang

9.           Arya Samaj                               Bombay        1875             Dayanand Saraswati

10.         Theosophical Society                New York      1875             Madam Blatvasky and Col. Olcott

11.         Sadharan Brahmo Samaj        Calcutta       1878             Anand Mohan Bose and Shivnath Shastri

12.         Deccan Education Society        Poona           1884             G. G. Agarkar

13.         Indian National Social Conf.    Bombay        1887             M. G. Ranade

14.         Dev Samaj                                Lahore          1887             Shivanarayan Agnihotri

15.         Ramkrishna Mission                Belur            1897             Swami Vivekanand

16.         Servant of India Society           Bombay        1905             G. K. Gokhale

17.         Poona Seva Sadan                    Poona           1909             Ramabai Ranade and G. K. Deodhar

18.         Social Service League               Bombay        1911             N. M. Joshi

19.         Seva Samiti                              Allahabad     1914             H. N. Kunjru

20.         Seva Samiti boy’s scout            Bombasy      1914             Sriram Vijpayee

              Association

21.         Women’s India                          Madras         1923             Women’s Association

22.         Rahnumaji Mazdayasan          Bombay        -                    Naoroji and Benglaee

                                                                                                         Sabha

objectives of right to information act 2005

RTI act  is a practical extension to rights's available for citizens of India for a more wholesome approach towards their involvement in their government and specifically Right to Information.

Where does this legislature derive it's power from, it is the people of India. There is written preamble with constitution which clearly states

One would say what is all this, I am not getting my degree recognized, no water ,electricity connection, no driving license, my land records are not updated, or his connecting road is substandard , or there is feeling of corruption in some on going project, it brings the question of having an method to getting grievance resolved, in a lawful manner, which is cheap, accessible, easy to use , simple.

Here is the most important point, we the people not I or me , we the people is not a single person, group, society, caste, or up to the point of a state government , there is rule of law which is supreme, Constitution is supreme law of Indian government.

There are many mechanisms for people of India if they feel short of their rights

•             Right to constitutional remedies [Article 32 to 35] empowers the citizens to move a court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights. In simple word any person can ask the courts for his rights, but the problem with this measure is that courts can go into wrong doings of law only and that to up to a point, courts can't get into policy decisions of executive , and they can't force someone from doing corruption, abuse of power, delaying, inaction.

•             Next comes the simple one which was a common method for getting things done as they should be not as they are currently done,writing petition , representation ,memorandum . We daily see people giving it to tahsildars, collectors, ministers,Chief ministers, Governors, Prime Minister, President.

shortcomings of these methods are

•             first no one bothers to answers these methods,

•             second even if someone bothers to answer, it is not time bound , justice delayed is justice denied.

Here comes the RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT 2005 , there were many preexisting state acts before this , but this is nationwide act (except Jammu and Kashmir, they have similar act) , giving uniformity to the procedure.

Not going into detail about Rti  act , I am going to post a image explaining the need of Rti Act 2005

indian states in the eighteenth century -Awadh

·        The founder of the autonomous kingdom of Avadh was Saadat Khan Burhanul-Mulk who was appointed as Governor of Avadh in 1722. He was an extremely bold, energetic, iron-willed, and intelligent person.

·        At the time of Burhan-ul-Mulk’s appointment, rebellious zamindars had raised their heads everywhere in the province. They refused to pay the land tax, organized their own private armies, erected forts, and defied the Imperial Government.

·        For years, Burhan-ul-Mulk had to wage war upon them. He succeeded in suppressing lawlessness and disciplining the big zamindars and thus, increasing the financial resources of his government.

·        Burhan-ul-Mulk also carried out a fresh revenue settlement in 1723, as he was asked to improve the peasant condition by protecting them from oppression by the big zamindars.

·        Like the Bengal Nawabs, Burhan-ul-Mulk too did not discriminate between Hindus and 'Muslims. Many of his commanders and high officials were Hindus and he 'curbed refractory zamindars, chiefs, and nobles irrespective of their religion. His troops were well-paid, well-armed, and Well-trained.

·        Before his death in 1739, Burhan-ul-Mulk had become virtually independent and had made the province a hereditary possession.

·        Burhan-ul-Mulk was succeeded by his nephew Safdar Jang, who was simultaneously appointed the wazir of the Empire in 1748 and granted in addition the province of Allahabad.

·        Safdar Jang suppressed rebellious zamindars and made an alliance with the Maratha Sardars so that his dominion was saved from their incursions.

·        Safdar Jang gave a long period of peace to the people of Avadh and Allahabad before his death in 1754.

भ्रष्टाचार की चुनौतियां(CHALLENGES OF CORRUPTION IN HINDI )

Hkz’Vkpkj vkn”kZ ls HkVdko ;k vk/;kfRed ;k uSfrd v”kqf+) gSA Hkz’Vkpkj ds nk;js eas ?kwl[kksjh vkSj xcu tSlh dbZ xfrfof/k;ka “kkfey gSaA ljdkjh ;k jktuhfrd Hkz’Vkpkj dk rkRi;Z gS fdlh inkf/kdkjh ;k ljdkjh deZpkjh ds }kjk vius in dk futh ykHk ds fy;s nq:Ik;ksxA lkoZtfud {ks= dk Hkz’Vkpkj blds vf/kd [krjukd Lo:iksa eass ls ,d gS D;ksafd ljdkjh fudk;ksa ds Hkz’Vkpkj dk foLr`r izHkko gks ldrk gSA

[ksyksa eas Hkz’Vkpkj

[ksy vc vjcksa Mkyj dk ,d O;kikj gSA jktuhfrd vkSj futh fgrksa ls mldk xgjk laca/k gS] ftldk eryc gS Hkz’Vkpkj dh vlhe laHkkouk;saA [ksy ds {ks= esa vf/kdka”k fu.kZ; can njoktksa ds ihNs fy;s tkrs gSaA blds dkj.k Hkz’Vkpkj fuckZ/k pyrk jgrk gSA [ksyksa eas Hkz’Vkpkj ds dbZ :Ik gSaA fu.kkZ;d ,oa f[kykMh eSp fQDl djus ds fy;s fj”or ys ldrs gSaA Dycksa ds ekfyd f[kykfM;ksa ds VzkalQj ds fy;s fj”or dh ekax dj ldrs gSaA fuekZ.k ds Bsdksa esa daifu;ka ,oa ljdkjsa uhykeh dh izfdz;k dks izHkkfor dj ldrh gSaA [ksykas ds lEeku dks Bsl igqapkus okys dbZ lV~Vsckth izdj.kksa ds ihNs laxfBr vijk/k gSA bu lcds lkFk lkFk dkys /ku dk izokg Hkh gks ldrk gS] tks izk;kstu vkSj foKkiu ds ek/;e ls laHkkfor gSA Dycksa ] f[kykfM;ksa rFkk foKkiu vf/kdkjksa dh [kjhn vkfn esa Hkh dkys/ku dh Hkwfedk gks ldrh gSA QqVcky rFkk nwljs [ksyksa esa dkyk/ku lQsn djus dh tfVy rduhdsa bLrseky dh tkrh gSaaA bu rduhdksa esa fons”kksa eas /ku tek djkuk ] fLol cSadksa dk bLrseky vkSj QthZ daifu;ksa dk xBu vkfn “kkfey gSA

[ksy vkSj Hkz’Vkpkj ds bl fj”rs dks rksMus ds fy;s cgqr dqN fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu blds fy;s lHkh dks lkFk feydj dke djus dh t:jr gSA fu.kZ;ksaa rFkk uhfrfu/kkZj.k vkfn eas ikjnf”kZrk vR;ko”;d gSA ljdkjksa dks varjjk’Vzh; [ksy m|ksx rFkk tkylkth fujks/kd laxBukas ds lkFk feydj dke djuk gksxk rHkh os lV~Vsckth ds iSlksa dk irk yxk ldrs gSaA [ksy laxBu Hkz’Vkpkjjks/kh mik;ksa dks viu lafo/kku rFkk uhfrfunZs”kd fu;eksa esa “kkfey dj ldrs gSaA f[kykfM;ksa ds p;u esa Li’V fu;eksa vkSj ikjnf”kZrk ds gksus ls cpko laHko gSA ysfdu gesa fu;eksa dk l[rh ls ikyu lqfuf”pr djuk gksxkA [ksy ls tqMs vk;kstuksa ds fy;s “kgjksa ;k LFkkuksa ds p;u esa O;kIr Hkz’Vkpkj dks [kqyh izfr;ksxh uhykeh dh izfdz;k ls jksdk tkuk laHko gSA ,slh gh izfdz;k LVsfM;eksa ds fuekZ.k tSls cMh ifj;kstukvksa ds fy;s Hkh vR;ko”;d gSA ;g lqfuf”pr djuk gksxk fd uhykeh dh izfdz;k LoLFk vkSj Li’V gSA izk;kstd dkjiksjsV fjLikalfcfyVh izksxzke ds rgr [ksyksa eas “kqfprk dsk c<kok ns ldrs gSaA [ksykas eas O;kIr Hkz’Vkpkj ds izfr tkudkjh ds izlkj esa ehfM;k dh cMh Hkwfedk gSA bu cnykoksa ds ckn ;g {ks= fQj ls Hkz’VkpkjeqDr Nfo izkIr dj ldrk gSA

futh {ks= esa Hkz’Vkpkj

O;kikj eas Hkz’Vkpkj ges”kk ykHkdkjh ugha gksrk gS ] fQj Hkh fj”or[kksjh pyrh jgrh gSA vuLVZ ,aM ,ax ds ,d losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj gj ikap esa ls ,d  futh daiuh ds izca/kd ;g nkok djrk gS fd mls fdlh fj”or nsus okys izfr}a}h ds dkj.k uqdlku igqapk gSA mueas ls ,d frgkbZ ls vf/kd ;g eglwl djrs gSa fd Hkz’Vkpkj vkSj vf/kd c<rk tk jgk gSA blls cktkj [kjkc gksrk gS vkSj vuSfrd Li/kkZ dk ekgkSy iSnk gksrk gSA daifu;ka ljdkjh Bsdksa ] fuekZ.k lIykbZ] dks izkIr djus ds fy;s vDlj fj”or nsrh gSa ;k uhykeh dh izfdz;k ij vlj Mkyrh gSaA cgqr lkjh daifu;ka vius Hkz’V dk;ksZa dks xqIr ikVZujf”ki vkSj vYiKkr lg;ksxh daifu;ksa dh vkM esa djrh gSa] vFkok vuqfpr rjhds ls jktuhfr fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh dksf”k”k djrh gSaA nwljh daifu;ka VSDl dkuwuksa dk nq:Ik;ksx djrh gSa rFkk voS/k xqVckth ;k dkuwu dh dfe;ksa dk bLrseky djrh gSaA lkoZtfud {ks= eas Hkh futh daifu;ksa dk vR;f/kd izHkko gksrk gSA mtkZ ls ysdj LokLF; vkfn ds {ks=ksa esa mudh mifLFkfr vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA blhfy;s O;kikj eas O;kIr Hkz’Vkpkj ls djnkrkvksa ds fgrkas dks igqapus okyh gkfu;ka vklkuh ls ns[kh tk ldrh gSaA

futh {ks= ds Hkz’Vkpkj ds fuokj.k ds fy;s rhu rjQ ls dke djus dh t:jr gSA igyk rks ;g gS fd daifu;ka Lo;a vkarfjd “kqfprk ds fy;s dne mBk;sa] fj”or[kksjh vkSj Hkz’Vkpkj ds fy;s “kwU; lgu”khyrk dh uhfr viuk;saa vkSj Hkz’Vkpkj jks/kh mik;ksa dks dBksjrk ls vey eas yk;saA daifu;ak izHkkoh uhfr;ksa ds :Ik esa fj”orjks/kh fu;e rFkk fj”or dh vko”;drk gVkus okyh izfdz;kvkas dks LFkkfir djus tSls dne mBk ldrh gSaA ijarq daifu;kas dks Hkh ,d bZekunkj O;kikfjd ekgkSy dh vko”;drk gSA vr ;g vko”;d gS fd ljdkj Hkh varjjk’Vzh; Hkz’Vkpkjjks/kh fu;eksa vkSj dkuwukas dks ykxw djsA blls fons”k O;kikj rFkk lIykbZ psu esa O;kIr Hkz’Vkpkj ls daifu;ksa dh j{kk laHko gSA

xjhch ,oa fodkl esa Hkz’Vkpkj

Hkz’Vkpkj dk lokZf/kd nq’izHkko xjhcksa ij gh iMrk gS& rckg dj nsuh okyh gn rdA ,d iqfyldehZ ds }kjk dh x;h fj”or dh ekax dk vFkZ gks ldrk gS fd og ifjokj  vius cPps dh Ldwy dh Qhl u ns lds vFkok leqfpr Hkkstu u tqVk ldsA eSfDldks esa mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ns[kk x;k gS fd ,d lkekU; xjhc ifjokj viuh vk; dk ,d frgkbZ fgLlk fj”or ij [kpZ djrk gS A Hkz’Vkpkj dk vFkZ ;g Hkh gS fd is;ty vkSj LokLF; lqfo/kk tSlh lsok;sa izHkkfor gksrh gSa ftu ij xjhc fuHkZj djrs gSaA izk; bu lsokvkas dh xq.kork [kjkc gksrh gS vFkok ;g lekt dh vk/kkjHkwr vko”;drkvksa dks Hkh iwjk ugha dj ikrh gSaA Hkz’Vkpkj muds fy;s tk jgs /ku dk gj.k dj ysrk gS vkSj lkFk gh uhfrfu/kkZj.k vkfn ij Hkh izHkko Mkyrk gS ] tSls fd lMdsa vFkok Ldwy dgka cuk;sa tk;saxsA

nqfu;k ds fu/kZu yksx ;g tkurs gSa fd  Hkz’Vkpkj mUgsa dgka dgka ijs”kku djrk gS vkSj mu lkoZtfud lsokvksa dh Hkh le> j[krs gSa tks Hkz’Vkpkj ls ihfMr gSaaA vr uhfr;ka cukrs oDr ;k lq/kkj ds dk;Zdze r; djrs le; mUgsa laokn dh izfdz;k eas “kkfey djuk bl leL;k dks lqy>kus eas lgk;d gks ldrk gSA LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dks muds thou dks izHkkfor djus okys fu.kZ;ksa eas Hkwfedk fuHkkuh pkfg;s rc os vius usrkvkas ds lkFk feydj ;g lqfuf”pr dj ldrs gSa fd mudh vko”;drk;sa iwjh gksa vkSj lsokvkas dh [kkfe;ka nwj dh tk ldsaaA os usrkvksa ij vius ok;ns iwjs djus ds fy;s ncko Mky ldrs gSaA ;fn LFkkuh; yksx pqukoksa vkSj ljdkjh lqfo/kkvksa ij /;ku ns arks os lkekftd izgjh ds :Ik esa lkeus vkdj Hkz’Vkpkj dh laHkkoukvkas dks de dj ldrs gSaaA LFkkuh; fodkl tSls Ldwy ] vLirky ] lMd ] iqy vkfn dh ;kstukvksa eas Hkh mudh Hkwfedk Hkz’Vkpkj dks de djus eas lgk;d gks ldrh gSA xjhch ,oa Hkz’Vkpkj ds f[kykQ yMkbZ vyx vyx ekspksZa ij ;q) ugah gS A bu nksukas dk vkil eas xgjk fj”rk gS rFkk ljdkjksa ]nkunkrkvksa rFkk varjjk’Vzh; ,tsafl;kas dks bl ckr dk vkHkkl Hkh gksus yxk gSA

ljdkj esa Hkz’Vkpkj

jktuhfrd Hkz’Vkpkj ds ckjs esa lksprs gq;s pqukoksa ds ckjs eas lkspuk fcYdqy lgt gSA yksx vFkok laxBu vius vius LokFkZ ds fy;s pquko dks izHkkfor dj ldrs gSaaA jktuhfrd ikfVZ;kas dks xksiuh; :Ik ls c<s pans fn;s tk ldrs gSaa ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd jktuhfrd ny vFkok usrk oksV ikus ds ctk;s oksV [kjhndj pquko thrsaA ijarq jktuhfrd Hkz’Vkpkj flQZ pqukoh Hkz’Vkpkj ugha gSA pqus x;s jktusrk iz”kklu dks mldh lgh jkg ls HkVdk ldrs gSaA os vius fu.kZ;ksa ds }kjk mUgsa pank nsus oksy yskxkas dks ykHk igqapk ldrs gSaa vkSj rc tufgr dgha ihNs NwV tkrk gSA jktuhfrd Hkz’Vkpkj lalk/kuksa dks xjhcksa ls Nhudj nwljh rjQ eksM ldrk gSA oSls ns”kksa eas tgka yksdrkaf=d laxBukas dh detksjh ;k vuqifLFkfr gksrh gS ogka ;s ckrsa lkekU; gks tkrh gSaaA tufgr dh txg futh fgr fu;eksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gS ftldk rkRi;Z gh gS uSfrdrk dk iruA u rks ljdkj Lora= :Ik ls dk;Z dj ldrh gS vkSj u gh yksdra= izHkkoh gks ikrk gSA ,sls esa jktusrkvksa ij turk dk fo”okl u’V gks tkrk gS fQj turk jktuhfr eas :fp ysuk can dj nsrh gSA ifj.kkeLo:Ik jktuhfrd Hkz’Vkpkj vck/k tkjh jgrk gSA

jktuhfrd Hkz’Vkpkj cgqr fo”kky vkSj cgqr nwj fn[kk;h iMrk gS rks D;k ge bls jksdus ds fy;s dqN dj ldrs gSaA ;fn ge iz”kklu ds ckjs esa ckr dj ldrs gSa rks ge Hkz’Vkpkj dks Hkh jksd ldrs gSaaA geas vius usrkvksa dks vkSj ljdkjh dfeZ;ksa dks muds dk;ksZa ds izfr tokcnsg cukus dh vko”;drk gSA ;fn ge ugha tkurs fd os D;k dj jgs gSa rks ge mu ij Hkjkslk dSls dj ldrs gSaA gesa ekax djuh pkfg;s fd os ,sls fu;e cuk;sa tks mUgsa ikjn”khZ rjhds ls dke djus ds fy;s etcwj djs rc Hkz’Vkpkj fNi ugha ldrk vkSj jktuhfr izfdz;k eas gekjk fo”okl c< ldrk gSA tc jktusrk ikjn”khZ gksrs gSa rc ge pquko ds le;  lgh fu.kZ; y sldrs gSa vkSj ,d ckj pqus tkus ds ckn mUgsa ftEesnkj cuk ldrs gSaSA NksVs lewgkas ls cMs laxBukas rd flfoy lkslkbVh ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gSA ge pqukoh izpkj vkSj ikfVZ;ksa dh xfrfof/k;kas ij utj j[k ldrs gSa A ;fn jk’Vzh; lalk/kuksa dk nq:Ik;ksx gksrk gS rks gesa mldh [kcj djuh pkfg;s vkSj vxj dgha Hkz’Vkpkjjks/kh fu;e ugha cus gSa rks gesa mldh ekax djuh pkfg;sA mnkgj.k ds :Ik esa jktusrkvkas ds fgrksa ds Vdjko ;k dkjiksjsV ykch vkSj jktuhfrd QafMax dk yksdra= ij fo?kVudkjh izHkko tSls fo’k;ksa ij fu;e cuk;s tk ldrs gSaA ;fn daifu;ka vius }kjk fn;s x;s Kku dk izdk”ku djsa rks os fn[kk ldrh gSa fd og nku fdlh dke ds ,ot eas ugha fn;k x;k gSA bl rjg dh ?kks’k.kk;saa ;g fn[kk ldrh gSa fd fu’i{k pquko vkSj [qkys fu.kZ;ksa ls jktusrkvkas lesr lcdk Qk;nk gSA

j{kk ds {ks= eas Hkz’Vkpkj

cMs cMs Bsdksa vkSj vR;f/kd xksiuh;rk ds dkj.k j{kk {ks= esa Hkz’Vkpkj ds [krjs Hkh cMs gks tkrs gSaaA o’kZ 2010 esa gh bl {ks= esa :l ;k Hkkjr ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds cjkcj [kpZ fd;k x;k gSA ,dy lzksr vuqca/k ] xSjftEesnkj rFkk [kphZys ,tsaV] vLi’V j{kk ctV] uktk;t fu;qfDr ,oa inksUufr lesr Hkz’Vkpkj ds dbZ :Ik bl xksiuh;rk okys {ks= es Qyrs Qwyrs  gSa vkSj djnkrkvksa dk /ku cckZn djrs gq;s dbZ ukxfjdksa vkSj lSfudksa dk thou [krjs eas Mky nsrs gSaA ;g dher lcds }kjk nh tkrh gSA j{kk {ks= eas Hkz’Vkpkj ij cckZn gqvk iSlk Ldwyksa] vLirkyksa rFkk vU; <kapkxr fodkl esa dke vk ldrk gS ijarq Hkz’Vkpkj ds dkj.k ;g ugha gks ikrkA lkFk gh blls lSU; izfr’Bkuksa rFkk lsuk esa Hkjkls dh deh Hkh iSnk gksrh gS] tks dbZ ftanfx;kas dsk [krjs eas Mky nsrh gSA tc usrk fj”or ,oa ykHkksa ds dkj.k gfFk;kj [kjhnus dk xyr QSlyk djrs gSa rks ml QSlys ds dkj.k xyr gfFk;kjkas ;k vi;kZIr lqj{kk esa s dksbZ lSfud viuh tku xaok cSBrk gSA  lSfudkas dk drZO; ukxfjdksa dh j{kk djuk gS ijarq lSfudkas dh j{kk ljdkj dk drZO; gSA j{kk daifu;ksa ls blhfy;s dbZ rjg dh [kjhn dh tkrh gSA blds nwljh rjQ Hkz’Vkpkj dsoy Hkz’V yksxkas dh gh j{kk djrk gSA vke ukxfjd iqfyra= eas O;kIr Hkz’Vkpkj  dks lkekftd Hkz’Vkpkj dk ,d eq[; vax ekurs gSaA fj”or[kksjh ] euekuh fxjQ~rkjh rFkk Hkz’V rjhds ls dh x;h tkap dbZ ns”kksadh lkekU; leL;k gSA iqfyfl;kra= dk ;g Hkz’Vkpkj vrhr eas Hkh lH; lekt ds fy;s ,d dfBu pqukSrh jgk gSA

;g lp gS fd j{kk {ks= dh izd`fr gh ,d gn rd xksiuh;rk dh ekax djrh gS ijarq ;fn Hkz’Vkpkj dks jksdk tkuk gS rks bl {ks= esa ctV] [kjhn tSls elykas dks ikjn”khZ cukuk gh gksxkA D;k ;g ikjnf”kZrk jk’Vzh; lqj{kk ds fy;s [krjk cusxh\ dbZ ns”kksa ds vuqHko gesa crkrs gSa fd ikjnf”kZrk c<k;s tkus ls oLrqr j{kk {ks= vkSj “kfDr”kkyh gh gksrk gSA ikjnf”kZrk varjjk’Vzh; gfFk;kj le>kSrkas dks j{kk Bsdkas dks rFkk fofHkUu lqj{kk ,tsafl;ksa dks Hkz’V xfrfof/k;kas rFkk mlds [krjkas ls cpkrh gSA bl {ks= eas O;kIr Hkz’Vkpkj dsk jksdus ds fy;s ljdkj] j{kk m|ksx] lsuk] lqj{kk ,tsafl;ka rFkk lH; lekt ds yksx ,d lkFk dne c<k;sa rHkh dqN gks ldrk gSA j{kk m|ksx esa cgqizrhf{kr vkpj.k ds fu;e cukdj igy dh gS ijarq vHkh cgqr dqN fd;s tkus dh vko”;drk gSA bu ekudkas dks iwjk fd;s tkus ij tksj fn;s tkus dh t:jr gSA ljdkjkas dks daifu;ksa ls ek= ekudksa ij iwjk mrjus dh ekax gh ugha djuh pkfg;s ijarq ,slh izfdz;k Hkh fodflr djuh pkfg;s ftlesa Hkz’Vkpkj ds [krjs de ls de gksaA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd [kjhn dj jgs j{kk ea=ky;ksa ] fcdzh dj jgs ns”kksa rFkk buls tqMh daifu;ksa vkfn eas ,dlkFk Hkz’Vkpkj fojks/kh dnekas dks c<kuk gksxkA daifu;kas ,oa ns”kksa ds chp gj rjg ds j{kk lSkns esa bZekunkjh vkSj “kqfprk dk bfrgkl vko”;d “krZ gksuh pkfg;sA blh rjg iqfylra= eas O;kIr Hkz’Vkpkj dks jksdus ds fy;s “kfDr”kkyh lkekftd laxBukas dh vko”;drk gSA j{kk {ks= esa Hkz’Vkpkj dks jksdus ds mik; bl {ks= eas Hkh mrus gh dkjxj gSaaA oLrqr bu nksukas {ks=ksa dks Hkz’Vkpkj eqdr djus ds fy;s lkewfgsd iz;kl vR;ar vko”;d gSA

f”k{kk eas Hkz’Vkpkj

f”k{kk ,d vk/kkjHkwr ekuokf/kdkj Hkh gS vkSj ekuoh; ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd HkhA ;g O;fDrxr fo”oluh;rk dk fuekZrk gS rFkk lekt dk jfp;rk Hkh gSA vkerkSj ij fdlh ns”k dk ctV dk 20 ls 30 izfr”kr fgLlk f”k{kk ds fys; gksrk gS vkSj blhfy;s bleas Hkz’Vkpkj ds cMs [krjs Hkh gSaA jk’Vzh; f”k{kk ea=ky;ksa ls ysdj fo”ofo|ky;kas ls LFkkuh; Ldwyksa rd Hkz’Vkpkj dh laHkkouk;sa gSa ftldk ewY; cgqr vf/kd gSA f”k{kk ds ctV ls lalk/kukas dh pksjh dk vFkZ gS d{kkvksa eas HkhM  dk gksuk  vFkok Ldwykas dk [kLrkgky gksuk ;k fQj Ldwykas dk fcYdqy gh ugha gksukA eqQ~r eas nh tkus okyh fdrkcsa ;k nwljh lkexzh csp nh tk ldrh gSA Ldwy ;k fo”ofo|ky; eas lhVksa dh [kjhn fcdzh pyrh gS ;k fQj voS/k rjhds ls dSfiVs”ku Qhl vkfn olwyh tkrh gSA bu lc dkj.kkas ls fo|kFkhZ fo”ks’k rkSj ij yMfd;ak f”k{kk ls oafpr jg tkrh gSaA fcuk ;ksX;rk ds gh ikfjokfjd fj”rkas ds vk/kkj ij f”k{kdksa vkSj O;k[;krkvkas dh fu;qfDr gks tkrh gSA ifj.kkeksa eas gsjQsj vkSj f”k{kdksa sd }kjk Nk=ksa dks egaxh V~;w”ku ysus dss fy;s etcwj fd;k tkuk Hkh vke ckr gSA mPp f”k{kk ds {ks= esa ljdkjh vkSj futh laxBukas dh n[kyvankth ] “kks/k ij cqjk izHkko Mkyrh gSA bu lc phtkas dk vafre ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd f”k{kk dh xq.koRrk vkSj ml rd yksxkas dh igqap nksukas ?kV tkrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr eas ,d Hkz’V “kS{kf.kd O;oLFkk Hkz’Vkpkj dsk lkekftd Lohd`fr fnykus esa Hkh lgk;d gks tkrh gSA

gesa lcds fy;s mPp xq.koRrk dh f”k{kk ds izfr izfrc) gksuk gh pkfg;s A blds fy; sgesa ljy ,oa Li’V uhfr;ksa ,oa fu;ekas dh vko”;drk gSA lalk/kukas ds mfpr mi;ksx ij utj j[kus ds fy;s jk’Vzh; Lrj ls ftyk Lrj rd “kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa ds ctV dk foLr`r izdk”ku vko”;d gSA gkfu ds Mj ls eqDr djus ds fy;s xksiuh; f”kdk;r ds rjhdkas dks LFkkfir djuk vR;ko”;d gSA f”k{kk ij vkus okys [kpZ vkSj mlds izca/ku dsk ysdj Li’V fu;ekas dk gksuk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA bUgha fu;eksa ls u;s Ldwykas dh LFkkiuk ] ijh{kk nsus ds rjhds ,oa Qhl r; djus dh izfdz;k vkfn funsZf”kr gksus pkfg;sA /kks[ksckth dh igpku vkSj mlls cpko ds fy;s fu;fer :Ik ls ckgjh vkfMV vR;ko”;d gSA f”k{kdksa ds O;ogkj ,oa izca/ku eas Hkz’Vkpkj ij yxke yxkus ds fy;s le; le; ij Ldwykas dh tkap ,d dkjxj mik; gSA fu;eksa ds mYya?ku ds fy;s Li’V naM ds izko/kku Hkh vko”;d gSaA cxSj ;ksX;rk ,oa vuqHko ds f”k{kdkas dh fu;qfDr ugha gksuh pkfg;s Age ijh{kk ds fu;ekas dks Hkh foLrkj ls izdkf”kr djus dh ekax dj ldrs gSaA  xzsfMax ij Hkh /;ku fn;k tkuk vko”;d gS rkfd Nk=ksa ij vf/kd uacj ykus dk  uktk;t cks> u iMs vkSj mUgas ifj.kke [kjhnus uk iMsaA

LokLF; ds {ks= eas Hkz’Vkpkj

LokLF; ds {ks= esa Hkz’Vkpkj thou dks ekSr eas cny ldrk gSA blds lokZf/kd nq’ifj.kke xjhckas dks Hkqxrus iMrs gSaA ejhtkas dks ns[kus ds fy;s LokLF; deZpkjh maph Qhl dh ekax dj ldrs gSaA eqQ~r nh tkus okyh nokb;ka fj”or ysdj nh tk ldrh gSa ;k dkyscktkj eas csp nh tk ldrh gSaA HkhM dh fLFkfr esa uacj vkxs yxkus ds fy;s Hkh fj”or ekaxh tk ldrh gSA tc LokLF; lqfo/kkvkas eas udyh ;k feykoVh nokb;ka ?kql tkrh gSa rks bldh dher dbZ tkusa nsdj pqdkuh imrh gSaA  ;fn fu;ked laxBu mfpr rjhds ls tkap u djsa rks ljdkjh LokLF; QaM vklkuh ls xk;c gks tk ldrk gSA fo”o cSad ds losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj dqN ns”kksa eas osru ds vykok vU; enkas dk LokLF; esa [kpZ 80 izfr”kr rd xk;c gks tkrk gSA LokLF; ds ctV ls ea=h ls ysdj vLirky izca/ku rd yk[kksa Mkyj dh jkf”k fudky ys ldrs gSa ;k fj”or ysdj dbZ uktk;t dke dj ldrs gSaA blds dkj.k yksxkas dks vLirkykas dh lqfo/kk ugha fey ikrh gS ] le; ij nokb;ka ugha fey ikrh gSa] ;gka rd dh ;ksX; MkDVj Hkh ugha fey ikrs gSaA LokLF; ds fy;s vkoafVr jkf”k esa gsjkQsjh eysfj;k ,oa ,M~l tSlh dbZ cMh LokLF; pqukSfr;kas ls tq>us ds iz;klksa dks foQy dj nsrh gSaA fodflr jk’Vzksa eas gj lky yk[kkas Mkyj dh jkf”k chek dh /kks[k/kMh rFkk Hkz’Vkpkj dh HksaV p< tkrs gSaA

 Ljdkj dks pkfg;s fd foLr`r LokLF; ctV ,oa vU; foRrh; tkudkfj;ka vklkuh ls le> vkus okyh Hkk’kk esa izdkf”kr djs rHkh ge bl jkf”k ij fuxjkuh j[k ldrs gSa vkSj mls pksjh ls cpk ldrs gSaA LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa rd mfpr osru igaqpk;s tkus dh vko”;drk gSA ,slk gksus ij mueas fj”or[kksjh dh laHkkouk ?kV tkrh gSAudyh ,oa feykoVh nokb;kas dks muds lzksr ij gh jksdk tk ldrk gS blhfy;s fofHkUu ns”kksa ds dLVe vf/kdkfj;kas] vkiwfrZdrkZvksa ] LokLF; laLFkkukas rFkk iqfyl ds chp lrr~ lg;ksx dh vko”;drk gS vkSj LFkkuh; Lrj ij ge lHkh dks tkx:d gksdj ftEesnkjh dh ekax djuh pkfg;s Age vius bykds ds  vLirky ds ctV dh fuxjkuh dj ldrs gSaA gesa ;g lqfuf”pr djuk pkfg;s fd LokLF;lsokvkas dk mfpr ewY; tkus vkSj mlls vf/kd Hkqxrku u djsaA [kqyh fufonk O;oLFkk ,oa ikjn”khZ [kjhn izfdz;k Hkh bl {ks= dh vko”;drk gSA

Ekkuoh; lg;ksx eas Hkz’Vkpkj

Ekuokrkoknh dk;ksZa eas Hkz’Vkpkj blds lcls vf/kd cqjs Lo:iksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g yksxkas ds thou vkSj e`R;w dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ;g yksxkas ls muds vko”;d lalk/ku Nhu ysrk gSA mudk vkRelEeku u’V dj nsrk gS rFkk mUgas cspkjxh dh gn rd etcwj dj nsrk gSA vkdfLed vkinkvkas eas lg;ksx ds :Ik esa [kLrkgky vFkZO;oLFkkvkas eas cgqr vf/kd ek=k eas /ku ,oa oLrqvkas dk vkxeu gksrh gSA ;gak ij Hkz’Vkpkj dh laHkkouk;sa Hkh vlhek gksrh gS D;ksafd lkekU;r nku u;s vkSj fuxjkuh jfgr ek/;eksa ls fupys Lrj rd igqapk;k tkrk gSA izkd`frd vkinkvkas tSls fLFkfr;ksa eas ;g irk djuk cgqr dfBu gksrh gS fd nh x;h lgk;rk dgka rd igqap ik jgh gSA [kkuk ] ikuh] nokb;ka pqjk;h tk ldrh gSa vkSj dkyscktkj eas csp nh tk ldrh gSaA daifu;ak fj”or ds cy ij ljdkjh deZpkfj;kas ls vkiwfrZ ds Bsds gkfly dj ldrs gSaA blds ifj.kkeLo:Ik ihfMr ifjokjkas rd [kjkc xq.koRrk dh [kk| lkexzh ;k fQj jgu lgu dh [kjkc O;oLFkk gh igqap ikrh gSA lgk;d ,tsafl;ka tYnh ls tYnh lgk;rk igaqpkuk pkgrh gSa ftlds dkj.k dHkh dHkh mUgsa LFkkfir Hkz’Vkpkj jks/kh mik;ksa dks vuns[kk djuk iMrk gSA blds ifj.kke Lo:Ik /ku ;k vU; lgk;ek lkexzh xk;c gks tk ldrh gSA bl lgk;rk dk mi;ksx oksV [kjhnus ;k jktuSfrd izHkko c<kus ds fy;s Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA izk; “kfDr”kkyh LFkkuh; lewg ;k LFkkfir Hkz’Vra= gh bldk Qk;nk mBkrs gSa vkSj ftUgsa lgk;rk dh okLrfod vko”drk gksrh gS mu rd ugha igaqp ikrh gSA

 ekuorkoknh lgk;rk eas Hkz’Vkpkj vpafHkr dj nsus okyh xfrfof/k gSA blh dkj.k yksx bl ij ckr djus ls drjkrs gSaA nkunkrk laxBu ] ljdkjsa ,oa leqnk; viuh bTtr [krjs eas ugha Mkyuk pkgrs ijarq bl ij [kqyh ppkZ fd;s cxSj blls fuiVk ugha tk ldrk gSA Hkz’Vkpkjks/kh fu;ekas ds fuekZ.k ls ;g rks fu”p; gh lkfcr ugha gksrk fd fu;eksa dk fuekZ.k djus okyh laLFkk Hkz’Vkpkj ls ihfMr gSAokLro esa ,sls lgk;rk nsus okys laxBu Hkz’Vkpkj dh jksdFkke ds fy;s cgqr dqN dj ldrs gSaA os LFkkuh; “kfDr larqyu dk [;ky j[krs gq;s vius deZpkfj;kas dks vko”;d izf”k{k.k ns ldrs gSaA dBksj foRrh; vuq”kklu ,oa fu;ekas dk iwoZ fu/kkZj.k mudh j{kk dj ldrk gSA leqnk;ksa dks Hkh ;g tkuuk pkfg;s fd fdls fdruh lgk;rk dh vko”;drk gS rHkh os ;s r; dj ldrs gSa fd mfpr lgk;rk igqap ldrh gS vFkok ughaA xksiuh; f”kdk;r dh O;oLFkk rks vR;ko”;d gS gh rkfd deZpkjh vkSj ykHkkFkhZ nksukas gh Hkz’Vkpkj ds ckjs esa [kqydj tkudkjh ns ldsaA ,d lkFk dke djus ij ekuorkoknh leqnk; Hkz’Vkpkj ds fo:) izHkkoh jksd yxk ldrs gSaA gesa mUgsa vkil eas bu mik;ksa ij laokn djus ds fy;s vkSj feytqy dj izsfjr djuk pkfg;s A bu lcds fy;s deZpkfj;kas ,oa /ku dh vko”;drk gS ijarq ;g rks ,d fuos”k gS ftldk izfrQy cgqr cMk gS vkSj tks dbZ ftanfx;ka cpk ldrk gSA

Ekkeyk v/;;u FkkbySaM esa nokvksa dh [kjhn esa ?kksVkyk

tuLokLF; ea=ky; fiNys 12 lky eas nks  cMs ?kksVkyksa ls xqtjk gSA buesa ls igyk ?kksVkyk 1998 esa nok ,oa esfMdy vkiwfrZ ?kksVkys ds :Ik eas lkeus vk;kA :jy MkDVj lkfyMfjVh  vkjMh,l  us loZizFke bl ?kksVkys dk [kqyklk fd;kA vkjMh,l ;qnwj xzkeh.k vLirkyksa eas dke djus okys MkDVjkas dk ,d fuxjkuh lewg gSA mUgksaus vkjksi yxk;k fd 34 bykdksa esa nok ,oa esfMdy vkiwfrZ dk dz; ewY;  bruk vf/kd gS fd dz; dh izfdz;k esa fdlh u fdlh izdkj dk Hkz’Vkpkj vo”; gSA jfDd;k lqDlFkkuk tk sml oDr bl ea=ky; ds miea=h Fks mu ij bl ?kksVkys eas “kkfey gksus dk “kd FkkA ehfM;k vkSj izsl dh lfdz;rk ds dkj.k ;g ?kksVkyk “kh?kz gh turk dh utj esa vk x;kA laln] iqfyl vkSj FkkbySaM dh tkap ,tsalh ,ulhlhlh us bl ekeys dh tkap “kq: dj nhA iqfyl dk vkjksi Fkk fd jfDd;k us vius ekrgrksa dks Hkz’V bjkns ls nks feyhHkxr okyh bdkb;ksa ls nok ,oa esfMdy vkiwfrZ [kjhnus dk ;k rks vkns”k fn;k ;k fQj izsfjr fd;kA rhu djksM 34 yk[k cgr dh jde mudh iRuh ds [kkrs esa tek gqbZA in NksMus ds rqjar igys vxLr 1998 esa jfDd;k us mu bdkb;ksa eas ls ,d ds izca/k funs”kd ls 50 yk[k cgr dk dSf”k;j psd Lohdkj fd;kA muds lfpo fpjk;q us Lohdkj fd;k fd ;g psd ea=h }kjk vk/kkj dherksa dks mBkus ds fy;s vkSj mu bdkb;ksa ls [kjhn ds fy;s Hkqxrku dk fgLlk FkkA fpjk;q ij Hkh nks’k lkfcr gqvk vkSj mUgsa tsy Hkstk x;kA

24 vDVwcj 2002 dks ,ulhlhlh us QSlyk fn;k fd jfDd;k ds ikl vk; ds Kkr lzksrksa ls vf/kd laifRr gS vkSj rc ogka ds vVkuhZ tujy us mudh laifRr tCr djus ds fy;s ;kfpdk MkyhA bl laifRr esa jfDd;k ds uke cSadksa eas tek 23 djksM 30 yk[k cgr Hkh “kkfey FkhA

esfMdy midj.kks dh [kjhn esa  nwljk ?kksVkyk FkkbySaM l”kfDrdj.k ?kksVkys ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bldk [kqyklk 2009 esa vkfFkZad cngkyh ds nkSjku gqvk vkSj bl ij vHkh Hkh tkap tkjh gSA vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ds fy;s iz/kkuea=h vfHklhr cstkftok dh xvqokbZ esa dSfcusV us FkkbySaM l”kDrhdj.k ;kstuk is”k dh FkhA ;g ;kstuk lhfer rS;kjh ds lkFk ykxw dh x;h FkhA D;ksafd bldk mYys[k ctV esa ugha FkkA ih,lih ;kstuk dh dqy fuf/k dk djhc Ng izfr”kr fgLlk ;k 86 vjc 68 djksM cgr dh jkf”k tuLokLF; ea=ky; dks feyhA bl jde dk dqN fgLlk esfMdy midj.kksa dh [kjhn ;k iwathxr fuos”k ds fy;s j[kk x;k ftlls lqnwj bykdksa esa ljdkjh vLirky  csgrj cuk;sa tk ldsaA bl ?kksVkys dk irk Hkh vkjMh,l laxBu us gh yxk;kA lewg ds usrkvkas us ladsr fn;s fd fuf/k ds caVokjs vkSj dz; dh izfdz;k esa vfu;ferrk;sa gSa vkSj ;g xSj ikjn”khZ gSA lkFk gh esfMdy midj.kksa rFkk mu ij vafdr ewY; nksuksa gh vuko”;d :Ik ls vf/kd gSaA lkFk gh ;g dbZ vLirkyksa dh ekax ls esy ugha [kkrs blhfy;s ;gka Hkh Hkz’Vkpkj laHkkfor gSA blds ckn ehfM;k us bl ekeys dks cgizpkfjr dj fn;k vkSj laln us bl ekeys eas gLr{ksi djrs gq;s Lora= tkap lewg dk xBu fd;kA fnlacj 2009 esa bl tkap lewg us laln ds le{k fjiksVZ izLrqr dh ftlesa ;g Lohdkj fd;k x;k fd esfMdy midj.kksa rFkk iwathxr fuos”k dh dhersa vk”p;Ztud :Ik ls maph n”kkZ;h x;h gSa vkSj lkFk gh bl fuf/k dk mi;ksx Hkh dqN [kkl bykdksa ,oa vLirkyksa tSls “kgjksa ds cMs vLirkyksa esa fd;k x;k gSA tcfd ;g ;kstuk xzkeh.k vLirkykas ds lqn`f<dj.k ds fy;s yk;h x;h FkhA tkap lewg us ;g Hkh dgk fd vkerkSj ij ljdkjh vf/kdkjh Hkz’Vkpkj ls fuiVus ds fy;s u rks /;ku nsrs gSa vkSj u gh dksbZ dne mBkrs gSaA  bl ?kskVkys ds ckn tu LokLF; ea=h us bLrhQk ns fn;kA Vh,lih ds rgr  pyk;h tk jgh dbZ nwljh ;kstukvksa eas dbZ nwljs ea=ky;kas esa Hkh Hkz’Vkpkj ns[kk x;kA buesa ifjogu ea=ky;] dqf’k ea=ky;] f”k{kk ea=ky;] x`g ea=ky; lesr dbZ lgdkjh lfefr;ka “kkfey gSaA ijarq buesa ls fdlh dh vkSipkfjd tkap ugha dh x;h D;ksafd fdlh fuxjkuh lfefr us bu ekeyksa dks vkxs ugha c<k;kA laHko gS fd ogka dh laln bu ekeyksa dh vkSipkfjd tkap ds fy;s dksbZ dkjZokbZ djsA

Ekkeyk v/;;u tuokM ?kksVkyk

Lwkpuk dk vf/kdkj jktLFkku esa ,d ckj fQj xzkeh.k fodkl ?kksVkyksa eas lcls cMs ?kksVkys dks lkeus ykus eas lgk;d lkfcr gqvk gSA uCcs ds n”kd esa jktLFkku ds jktlean ftys esa tuokM iapk;r us rdjhcu ,d djksM :Ik;s izfro’kZ [kpZ djuk “kq: fd;k tks jkT; ds ukS gtkj iapk;rksa eas lokZf/kd FkkA bl /ku dk djhc 70 izfr”kr fgLlk ljiap ,oa ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa ds Hkz’V xBtksM dh HksaV p< x;kA  ;g ?kksVkyk fdlh fLVax vkijs”ku ;k fdlh xqIr dSejs ls lkeus ugha vk;k Fkkk cfYd vke xzkeh.kksa us gh lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dk bLrseky djds nksf’k;ksa dks idMk FkkA tuokM iapk;r ds ?kksVkys dk ,d izeq[k dsanz ogka dk ljdkjh nok[kkuk FkkA ;g nok[kkuk 60 ds n”kd esa cuk Fkk ysfdu 1998 esa ml le; ds ljiap us bls ,d u;h bekjr crkrs gq;s djhc nks yk[k :Ik;s gMi fy;s FksA

nks lky ckn jktLFkku lwpuk dkuwu ds vuqlkj gj iapk;r dk;kZy; ij lkjs fodkl dk;ksZa dk fooj.k iznf”kZr djuk vko”;d gks x;k vkSj xkaookyksa us “kh?kz gh ljiap dk Hkz’Vkpkj idM fy;kA tuokM xkao ds fuoklh peuyky ds vuqlkj & mUgksaus dHkh u;k nkok[kkuk cuk;k gh ugha A mUgksaus flQZ ljdkjh dkxtkrksa eas gsjQsj djds ;g >wBk nkok fd;k A okLro esa ;g bekjr djhc 40 lky igys cuh Fkh tc eSa Ldwy esa i<kbZ djrk FkkA & bl ?kVuk ds ckn 70 ls vf/kd xkaookyksa us lwpuk vf/kdkj ds varxZr iapk;r ds nLrkostksa dh ekax dh vkSj blls tks ?kksVkyk lkeus vk;k og okLro esa pkSadk nsus okyk FkkA iapk;r ds }kjk Lohd`r 146 dkeksa esa 49 dk rks dksbZ vfLrRo gh ugha FkkA bl lwph eas ikap dqa, ] lkr lMdsa] ,oa Ng izkFkfed fo|ky; “kkfey Fks tks flQZ ljdkjh dkxtksa ij cus gq;s Fks vkSj ftudk tehu ij ukeksfu”kku rd ugha FkkA etnwj fdlku “kfDr laxBu ds leUo;d “kadj flag dgrs gSa fd lwpuk dk vf/kdkj ,d “kfDr”kkyh dkuwu gS vkSj yksxksa dks bldk mi;ksx djuk pkfg;sA tuokM esa Hkz’V y{;ksa ds fy;s mij ls uhps rd ds ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa dh feyhHkxr FkhA ;fn ge Hkz’Vkpkj ls eqfDr pkgrs gSa rks gesa muds dke dh lrr fuxjkuh djuh gksrh vkSj lkewfgd la?k’kZ djuk gksxkA

Hkz’Vkpkj ds fo:) ljdkj dh dMh dkjZokbZ esa ljiap dks tsy tkuk iMk vkSj ?kksVkys eas lafyIr 13 ljdkjh vf/kdkjh fuyafcr dj fn;s x;sA lkFk gh iapk;r fuf/k dk okf’kZd lkekftd vads{k.k vfuok;Z dj fn;k x;kA iwoZ iz/kkuea=h jktho xka/kh us ,d ckj Li’Vr dgk Fkk fd fodkl ;kstukvksa ds gj ,d :Ik;s eas ek= 15 iSlk xjhcksa rd igqap ikrk gSA ysfdu tuokM dh xzkeh.k turk us ;g fn[kk fn;k gS fd ;fn yksx ,d lkFk la?k’kZ djsa rks lwpuk dk vf/kdkj bl fLFkfr dks cny ldrk gS vkSj Hkz’Vkpkj ls izHkkoh yMkbZ yM ldrk gSA

Ekkeyk v/;;u lwpuk vf/kdkj lQyrk xkFkk

vkn”kZ lkslkbVh ?kksVkyk

;ksxkpk;Z vkuan th ,oa lheizhr flag tSls lwpukvf/kdkj dk;ZdrkZvksa ds vkosnuksa ij 2008 esa jktusrkvksa rFkk lSU; vf/kdkfj;ksa ds chp xBtksM dk [kqyklk gqvkA ek= Ng eafty ds fy;s eatwj ysfdu 31 eaftyksa rd fufeZr vkn”kZ lkslkbVh oLrqr “kghnksa dh fo/kokvksa rFkk muds ifjtuksa ds fy;s cuk;h x;h FkhA ysfdu bl lkslkbVh ds Q~ySV dbZ usrkvksa ] vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa muds ifjtuksa dks vkoafVr dj fn;s x;s A bl ?kksVkys ds dkj.k egkjk’Vz ds iwoZ eq[;ea=h v”kksd pOgk.k dks bLrhQk nsuk iMk rFkk jkT; ljdkj ds dbZ vf/kdkjh vc Hkh tkap ds nk;js eas gSaA

vle dk tuforj.k ?kksVkyk

,d Hkz’Vkpkj fojks/kh xSjljdkjh laxBu d`’kd eqfDr laxzke lfefr ds lnL;ksa us 2007 esa lwpuk vf/kdkj vkosnuksa ds }kjk tuforj.k iz.kkyh esa vfu;ferrrkvksa dk irk yxkus dh dksf”k”k dhA xjhch js[kk ls uhps jg jgs yksxksa ds fy;s fj;k;rh nj ij Hkkstu miyC/k djkus okyh bl ;kstuk esa dbZ vfu;ferrrkvksa dk [kqyklk gqvkA Hkz’Vkpkj ds vkjkikssa ds dkj.k “kq: dh x;h tkap esa dbZ ljdkjh vf/kdkjh fxjQ~rkj gq;sA

fjyhQ ?kksVkyk

iatkc ds ,d xSjljdkjh laxBu  us 2008 esa lwpuk vf/kdkj ds rgr pkSadk nsus okyh tkudkjh izkIr dhA tSls Hkkjrh; jsMdzkl lkslkbVh dh LFkkuh; “kk[kkvksa ds izHkkjh ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa us dkjfxy ;q) ,oa izkd`frd vkink;ksa ds ihfMrksa ds fy;s tkjh /ku dk nq:Ik;ksx vius fy;s dkjsa] ,lh vkfn [kjhnus vkSj gksVyksa ds fcy pqdkus eas fd;kA LFkkuh; vnkyr us /kks[kk/kMh ds fy;s ftEesnkj vkjksfi;ksa dks ltk nsrs gq;s lgk;rk fuf/k dks iz/kkuea=h lgk;rk dks’k eas varfjr djus dk funsZ”k fn;kA

vkbZvkbZ,e nkf[kys eas ikjnf”kZrk

2007 esa ,d n`f’Vghu Nk=k oS’.koh dLrwjh dks Hkkjrh; izca/ku laLFkku csaxywj esa nkf[kys ls budkj dj fn;k x;kA ;g laLFkku Hkkjr ds “kh’kZ izca/ku laLFkkuksa eas ls ,d gSA izos”k ijh{kk esa cgqr vPNs vadksa ds ckotwn nkf[kyk u feyus ls fujk”k oS’.koh dLrwjh ;g tkuuk pkgrh Fkha fd dgha mudh “kkjhfjd v{kerk ds dkj.k rks mUgsa nkf[kys ls euk ugh afd;k tk jgkA mUgksaus ,d lwpuk vf/kdkjh vkosnu ds }kjk nkf[kys dh izfdz;k tkuus ds fy;s dksf”k”k dh A gkykafd mUgksaus laLFkku eas izos”k ugha fey ldk ysfdu vkbZvkbZ,e dks  nkf[kys ds fu;e lkoZtfud djus iMs ftuls ;g irk pyk fd dSV ds uke ls e”kgwj la;qDr izos”k ijh{kk dk egRo nloha vkSj ckjgoha d{kk ds ifj.kkeksa ls Hkh de FkkA

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